This module critically investigates a number of debates and topics relating to Muslims and the contemporary world. We shall focus upon Muslims in liberal democratic societies, especially Britain. We shall look at two concepts: identity and prejudice and consider how these map onto the case of Muslims in Britain and democratic societies. In this way, the module will enable you to engage with a range of issues effecting Islam and Muslims in the contemporary context: gender, youth, sacred space, citizenship, freedom of expression, politics and media.

Introduction

Islam is the second largest world religion after Christianity, and Muslims form the second largest religious group in Britain after Christians. In recent years, Islam has had an increasing profile in the media and in its political impact. A range of popular, stereotypical images come to mind when considering Islam in its contemporary setting– oppressed Muslim women, Muslims protesting and demonstrating against publication of the ‘Danish Cartoons’, wars in the Middle-East. This module aims to get behind these images. The first part of the module will be based on sociological and anthropological sources in order to analyse the issue of ‘identity’ of Muslims in Britain. The second part will be devoted to the issue of prejudice against Muslims in democratic societies and will consider this issue through amulti-­‐disciplinary range of sources and a range of case studies.

Aims

a) describing and analysing issues related to gender, youth and sacred space amongst Muslims in Britain

b) describing and analysing how Muslims and Islam are treated and represented in democratic societies using the ‘Danish Cartoon affair’, ‘bodies of Muslim women’, citizenship, politics and media as specific case studies.

On completing this module, you should be able to:

Specifically

1. Describe and analyse the recent history and development of Muslims and Islam in Britain

2. Critically assess the differences and diversity amongst Muslims in Britain

3. Describe and analyse how the issues of gender, youth and sacred place function amongst Muslims in contemporary Britain

4. Analyse and evaluate particular cases related to Muslims and Islam in democratic societies

5. Apply and evaluate theory on ‘identity’ and ‘prejudice’ to Muslims and Islam in democratic societies

Generally

1. Describe, synthesize and analyse information from a range of multi‐disciplinary primary and secondary sources

2. Evaluate and critically assess a range of arguments

3. Apply theoretical concepts to particular cases

4. Produce work that is clearly written and which develops evidence‐based arguments within a set time‐frame

5. Present a piece of scholarly work to peers in a 15‐minute presentation prepared in advance

Teaching methods

Your learning will take place through a range of methods including: lectures and seminars, small group work for feedback to the class, use of audio‐visual material, presentations.

Absence

If you are having difficulties attending classes, completing the allocated reading and/or completing the essays please contact your Personal Tutor so that the School can provide whatever support that is required.

Intellectual Skills:

• An ability to identify and evaluate different perspectives on an argument or issue
• An ability to understand how different opinions can mutually co-exist
• Confidence to assess the quality of a written or audio-visual source of material
• An ability to explain an argument and the different positions of various protagonists
• Basic skills of qualitative data analysis

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills: (see above)

Transferable Skills:

 An ability to produce written work of a high standard, suitable for public reading

• Facility in presenting work through a variety of media
• An ability to work with others as part of a team
• Confidence to discuss and present work to peers in both formal and informal settings
• An enhanced ability to exercise judgement on a topic and to substantiate your arguments
• The capacity to identify the possible use and misuse of written or audio-visual material

Assessment, deadlines and submission

There are TWO parts to the assessment for this module.

1. Group Presentation(s) (formative) during class time based on the syllabus readings for which a handout needs to be prepared in advance.

For guidance on group presentations, please see the 'presentations' section in Resources. Please leave a HARD copy of your handout in the folder marked 'Presentation Handouts' outside Room 5.10 by 12noon on the day of the class for photocopying for class distribution. Students who are not able to attend a presentation and would like a copy of the handout, need to ask the Module Lecturer for a copy.

2. TWO summative essays (50% x 2) submitted by or on 19 March in the Religion Essay Box in the School Office on the 4th floor. You are ALSO required to submit one copy via Turnitin. Please see the instructions given in the Student Handbook or contact the SHARE office.

If you need an extension for the summative deadline, I am not able to grant this request. You must complete an Extenuating Circumstances Form (available on the Cardiff university www) and submit the completed form with supporting evidence to Anna Yarnell (YarnellA@cardiff.ac.uk) from your Cardiff email address. The decision as to whether an extension can be granted will be taken by the Chair of the Extenuating Circumstances Committee and you will be informed of the decision as soon as possible.

THE HARD COPIES YOU SUBMIT MUST FOLLOW THE GUIDELINES GIVEN BELOW --‐ YOUR WORK MAY BE EXCLUDED FROM MARKING IF YOU DO NOT ADHERE TO THE GUIDELINES BELOW

Essay 1: Have British Muslim communities changed since 1945? How? Your answer should contain an analysis of at least ONE of the following:

c) Mosques

WORD LIMIT: 2000 words (excluding footnotes and bibliography)

A draft copy of Essay 1 for feedback should be submitted as a hard copy to the lecturer during class in Week 8 of the Autumn semester. If you are not able to submit it in class, please leave it in the folder marked 'draft essay submission' outside Room 5.10. If you are not able to collect marked essays in class time, please collect them from the folder marked 'draft essay collection' outside Room 5.10.

Please note that according to exam regulations, you are only allowed to submit ONE. draft essay for feedback. However, I am happy to give you oral feedback on your essay plans and outlines ‐ before submission of your draft essay and/or after return of the draft in order to help you improve your work for summative submission. Please see me after class to make a feedback appointment.

Essay 2: Are you persuaded by the claim that anti‐Muslim prejudice is a significant issue in democratic societies? Your answer should contain an analysis of at least ONE of the following:

WORD LIMIT: 2000 words (excluding footnotes and bibliography)

A draft copy of Essay 2 for feedback should be submitted as a hard copy to the lecturer during class in Week 3 of the Spring semester. If you are not able to submit it in class, please leave it in the folder marked 'draft essay submission' outside Room 5.10. If you are not able to collect marked essays in class time, please collect them from the folder marked 'draft essay collection' outside Room 5.10.

Please note that according to exam regulations, you are only allowed to submit ONE draft essay for feedback. However, I am happy to give you oral feedback on your essay plans and outlines ‐ before submission of your draft essay and/or after return of the draft in order to help you improve your work for summative submission. Please see me after class to make a feedback appointment.

Guidelines for Submission of Essays

Draft

•Every page should include module name, module code, name of student, word count at the TOP of every page

•Full title of essay at the start

•Consistent referencing (short title OR Harvard)

•Each page numbered consecutively in the form: page number/total number of pages

•Page margins set at 1.5cm for top, bottom and sides

•Font size 12 6

•Line spacing set at 1.5

•Indent paragraphs

•Printed on one side only

•NO STAPLES

Final (summative)

•ONE completed 'FINAL SUMMATIVE COVERSHEET' (available on Learning Central portlet for RT1211) for both essays submitted in ONE plastic sleeve‐ YOU ONLY NEED ONE COVERSHEET FOR BOTH ESSAYS ‐ PLEASE DO NOT USE STAPLES

•If you are not able to print a coversheet, you can get a hard copy outside Room 5.10 in a folder marked 'Final Summative Coversheet'. ONE cover sheet for BOTH essays

•Every page should include module name, module code, student number (NO NAME), word count at the TOP of every page

•Full title of essay at the start

•Consistent referencing (short title OR Harvard)

•Each page numbered consecutively in the form: page number/total number of pages

•Page margins set at 1.5cm for top, bottom and sides

•Font size 12

•Indent paragraphs

•Printed on one side only

•Line spacing set at 1.5

•NO STAPLES

Feedback The following are some of the methods by which you will receive feedback in this module:

•Written comments on draft essays (if submitted on time)

•Oral comments on draft essays in class

•Individual essay feedback sessions (by appointment)

•Drop in feedback sessions (office hour with prior appointment)

•Individual oral feedback on presentations by lecturer (by appointment)

•Q & A in class Bibliography It is imperative that you use the reservation system in the University Library so that you have access when you need it for the required texts. Please see the relevant librarians for any queries you may have. If you are not able to find a source you need, please see me after class.

Bibliography

It is imperative that you use the reservation system in the University Library so that you have access when you need it for the required texts. Please see the relevant librarians for any queries you may have. If you are not able to find a source you need, please see me after class.

1. ‘Everything you ever wanted to know about Islam but were afraid to ask’
2. (Re)Introduction to Islam and main beliefs and practices
3. Islam in the media and attitudes to Islam
4. Islam in Britain and Europe
5. Family and community life in Islam
6. Women and gender in Islam
7. Blasphemy and The Satanic Verses controversy
8. Islamic religious/activist movements
9. The contemporary Muslim world post 9/11

Core reading

Betz, H‐G. & Meret, S. 'Revisiting Lepanto: the political mobilization against Islam in contemporary Western Europe' in M. Malik (ed.), Anti‐Muslim Prejudice (Abingdon, 2010)

Bilsky, L. 'Muslim headscarves in France and army uniforms in Israel: a comparative study of citizenship as mask' in M. Malik (ed.), Anti‐ Muslim Prejudice (Abingdon, 2010)

Bilsky, L., 'Citizenship as Mask: Between Imposter and the Refugee', Constellations 15 (2008), 72--‐97; see Learning Central

Bleich, E. 'Where do Muslims stand on the ethno‐racial hierarchies in Britain and France? Evidence from public opinion surveys, 1988--‐2008' in M. Malik (ed.), Anti‐ Muslim Prejudice (Abingdon, 2010)

Fernandez, S. 'The crusade over the bodies of women' in M. Malik (ed.), Anti‐ Muslim Prejudice (Abingdon, 2010)

Gilliat-‐Ray, S. Muslims in Britain, An Introduction (Cambridge, 2010)

Ghanem, A., 'State and minority in Israel: the case of ethnic state and the predicament of its minority', Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (1998), 428‐448; see Learning Central

Hall, Stuart, ‘The Question of Cultural Identity’ in Polity Reader in Cultural Theory (Oxford, 2004), pp. 119--‐125; see Learning Central

International Migration 44 (2006): 'The Danish Cartoon Affair: Free Speech, Racism, Islamism, and Integration'; see Learning Central

Malik, Keenan, 'Islamophobia Myth', Prospect, Feb 2005 (London: Prospect Publishing Ltd.), pp. 28--‐31; see Learning Central

Meer, N. & Modood, T. 'Refutations of racism in the 'Muslim question'' in M. Malik (ed.), Anti‐ Muslim Prejudice (Abingdon, 2010)

Pappe, Ilan, The Forgotten Palestinians (Yale, 2011, 2013), 1‐45, 264‐275; the minimum reading is available on Learning Central entitled Pappe 1 ‐ however, this is a very readable book and I suggest you read it all to get a proper overview of the subject. It is easily available as an e‐book ‐ please ask the library staff for details of access.

Richardson, J. E. ''Get shot of the lot of them': election reporting of Muslims in British newspapers' in M. Malik (ed.), Anti‐ Muslim Prejudice (Abingdon, 2010)

Smooha, Sammy, 'The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state', Nations and Nationalism 8 (2002), 475‐503; see Learning Central

Winant, H. “The theoretical status of the concept of race” in Les Back and John Solomos (eds), Theories of Race and Racism, A Reader (Abingdon, 2000), pp. 181--‐190; see Learning Central

Further Reading

General

Abbas, T. (ed.) Muslim Britain: communities under pressure (London, 2005)

Ahmad, W. and Evergeti, V. ‘The making and representation of Muslim identity in Britain: conversations with British Muslim 'elites'’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (2010), 1697‐1717

Alexander, C. ‘Re‐imagining the Muslim community’; see ASSL Photocopy collection

Ansari, H. The 'Infidel' Within: Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present (London, 2004)

El Guindi, F. Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance (Oxford, 1999)

Fetzer, J. and Soper, J. C. Muslims and the State in Britain, France and Germany (Cambridge, 2004)

Halliday, F. Britain's First Muslims (London, 2010)

Hopkins, P. and Gale, R. (eds.) Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities (Edinburgh, 2009)

Husain, F. and O’Brien, M. ‘The Muslim Family in Europe’, Current Sociology 48 (2000) [Special Issue]

Hussain, D. 2007. 'Identity Formation and Change in British Muslim Communities', in Wetherell, M., Lafleche, M. and Berkeley, R., (eds.), Identity, Ethnic Diversity and Community Cohesion (London, 2007), pp. 34‐39

Hussain, S. Muslims on the Map: A National Survey of Social Trends in Britain (London, 2008)

Meer, N. Citizenship, Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism: the rise of Muslim consciousness (London, 2010)

Modood, T. Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain (Edinburgh, 2005)

Moll, Y. 'Beyond Beards, Scarves and Halal Meat: Mediated Constructions of British Muslim Identity', Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 15 (2007), 1-32

Seddon, M. S. 'Constructing identities of "difference" and "resistance": the politics of being Muslim and British', Social Semiotics 20 (2010), 557‐571

Shaw, A. A Pakistani Community in Britain (Oxford, 1988)

Shaw, A. Kinship and Continuity: Pakistani Families in Britain (Amsterdam, 2000)

Werbner, P. The Migration Process (Oxford, 1990)

Gender

Afshar, H. ‘Can I see your hair? Choice, agency and attitudes: the dilemma of faith and feminism for Muslim women who cover’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (2008), 411‐437

Ahmad, N. ‘Hijabs in our midst’ in J. Rutherford (ed.), Young Britain: politics, pleasures and predicaments (London, 1998)

Ahmed, L. A Quiet Revolution: The Veil’s Resurgence from the Middle East to America (New Haven, 2011)

Bhimji, F. ‘Identities and agency in religious spheres: a study of British Muslim women's experience, Gender, Place and Culture 16 (2009), 365‐380

Brown, K. ‘Realising Muslim women's rights: the role of Islamic identity among British Muslim women’, Women's Studies International Forum 29 (2006), 417‐430

Brown, K. ‘The Promise and Peril of Women's Participation in UK mosques: the impact of securitisation agendas on identity, gender and community’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations 10 (2008), 472-491

Burlet, S. and Reid, H. ‘A Gendered Uprising: political representation and minority ethnic communities’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (1998), 270‐287

Butler, C. ‘Cultural diversity and religious conformity: dimensions of social change among second--‐generation Muslim women’, in R. Barot, S. Fenton & H. Bradley (eds), Ethnicity, Gender and Social Change (London, 1999)

Charsley, K. ‘Risk, trust, gender and transnational cousin marriage among British Pakistanis’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (2007), 1117‐1131

Falah, G.W. and Nagel, C. (eds), Geographies of Muslim Women: Gender, Religion and Space (New York, 2005)

Franks, M. ‘Crossing the borders of whiteness? White Muslim women who wear the hijab in Britain today’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (2000), 917‐929

Jawad, H. and Benn, T. Muslim Women in the United Kingdom and Beyond (Leiden, 2003)

Kahf, M. Western Representations of the Muslim Woman (Austin, 1999)

Macey, M. ‘Class, gender and religious influences on changing patterns of Pakistani Muslim male violence in Bradford’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (1999), 845‐866

Macey, M. ‘Religion, male violence, and the control of women: Pakistani Muslim men in Bradford, UK’; see Learning Central

McKerl, M. ‘Multiculturalism, Gender and Violence: Multiculturalism --‐ is it bad for women?’, Culture and Religion 8 (2007), 187‐217

Peach, C. 'Muslims in the 2001 Census of England and Wales: gender and economic disadvantage', Ethnic and Racial Studies 29(2006), 629‐655

Tarlo, E. Visibly Muslim: Fashion, Politics, Faith (Oxford, 2010)

Youth

Alexander, C. ‘Imagining the Asian gang: ethnicity, masculinity and youth after ‘the riots’’, Critical Social Policy 24 (2004), 526‐549

Alexander, C. The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity (Oxford, 2000)

Archer, L. ‘Muslim Brothers, Black Lads, Traditional Asians: British Muslim Young

Archer, L. Race, Masculinity and Schooling: Muslim boys and education (Maidenhead, 2003)

Basit, T. 'White British; dual heritage; British Muslim: young Britons' conceptualisation of identity and citizenship', British Educational Research Journal 35 (2009): 723‐743

Basit, T. Eastern Values, Western Milieu: Identities and Aspirations of Adolescent Muslim Girls (Aldershot, 1997).

Cressey, G. ‘Muslim Girlswork: the ultimate separatist cage?’

Cressey, G. ‘Our Streets of England: some translocal British Pakistani Young People's Relationship with their Birmingham’, Global Built Environment Review 6 (2008), 38-51

http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/gber/pdf/vol6/issue2/Article4.pdf

Dwyer, C. ‘Contradictions of community: questions of identity for young British Muslim women’, Environment and Planning A 31 (1999), 53-68

Dwyer, C. ‘Negotiating Diasporic Identities: Young British South Asian Muslim Women’, Women's Studies International Forum 23 (2000), 457-486

Dwyer, C. ‘Negotiations of femininity and identity for young British Muslim women’ in N. Laurie, C. Dwyer, S. Holloway & F. Smith (eds), Geographies of New Femininities (Harlow, 1999)

Dwyer, C. ‘Veiled meanings: young British Muslim women and the negotiations of differences’, Gender, Place and Culture 6 (1999), 5‐26

Dwyer, C., Shah, B. and Sanghera, G. ‘From Cricket lover to terror suspect--‐challenging representations of young British Muslim men’, Gender, Place and Culture 15 (2008), 117-136

Haw, K. 'From Hijab to Jilbab and the 'myth' of British identity: being Muslim in contemporary Britain a half--‐ generation on', Race, Ethnicity and Education 12 (2009): 363-378

Hopkins, P. ''Blue Squares', 'proper' Muslims and transnational networks: narratives of national and religious identities among young Muslim men living in Scotland', Ethnicities 7 (2007): 61‐81

Hopkins, P. ‘Young People, Masculinities, Religion and Race: new social geographies’, Progress in Human Geography 31 (2007), 163-177

Hopkins, P. ‘Youthful Muslim masculinities: gender and generational relations’; see Learning Central

Hutnik, N. and Street, R. C. ‘Profiles of British Muslim identity: adolescent girls in Birmingham’, Journal of Adolescence 33 (2010), 33-42

Jacobson, J. Islam in Transition: Religion and Identity among British Pakistani Youth (London, 1998)

Mosques

Gale, R. ‘Locating Religion in Urban Planning: beyond 'race' and ethnicity?’ Planning, Practice & Research 23 (2008), 19-39

Gale, R. ‘The multicultural city and the politics of religious architecture: urban planning, mosques and meaning- making in Birmingham, UK’, Built Environment 30 (2004), 18-32

Gale, R. ‘The place of Islam in the geography of religion: trends and intersections’ (see Learning Central).

Gale, R. and Naylor, S. ‘Religion, planning and the city: the spatial politics of ethnic minority expression in British cities and towns’, Ethnicities 2 (2003), 387‐409

Gilliat-Ray, S. ‘From chapel to prayer room: the production, use and politics of sacred space in public institutions’; see Learning Central

McLoughlin, S. ‘Mosques and the public space: conflict and cooperation in Bradford’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (2005), 1045-1066

McLoughlin, S. ‘The Mosque-Centre, Community-Mosque: Multi-functions, funding and the reconstruction of Islam in Bradford’; see ASSL Photocopy Collection

Ryan, J. and Naylor, S. ‘The mosque in the suburbs: negotiating religion and ethnicity in South London’, Social and Cultural Geography 3 (2002), 39‐59

Wardak, A., ‘The mosque and social control in Edinburgh’s Muslim community’, Culture and Religion 3 (2002), 201- 219

Citizenship

Pappe, Ilan, 'Zionism as Colonialism: A comparative view of diluted colonialism in Asia and Africa', South Atlantic Quarterly 107 (2008), 611‐633; see Learning Central

Scott, Joan Wallach, The Politics of the Veil (Princeton, 2007)

Smooha, Sammy, 'The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state', Nations and Nationalism 8 (2002), 475--‐503; see Learning Central

Media

Moore, K., Mason, P. and Lewis, J. Images of Islam in the UK: The Representation of British Muslims in the National Print News Media 2000‐2008;

http://www.channel4.com/news/media/pdfs/Cardiff%20Final%20Report.pdf

Morey, P. and Yaqin, A. Framing Muslims: stereotyping and representation after 9/11 (Cambridge, Mass., 2011)

'Danish Cartoon' affair

Saba Mahmood, Talal Asad, Wendy Brown and Judith Bulter, Is Critique Secular? Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech (Berkeley, 2009);

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/84q9c6ft#page--‐1

Please see Essential Reading List.