HS4364: The Etruscans: History and Society

School Ancient History
Department Code SHARE
Module Code HS4364
External Subject Code V110
Number of Credits 10
Level L6
Language of Delivery English
Module Leader Professor Guy Bradley
Semester Spring Semester
Academic Year 2013/4

Outline Description of Module

To introduce students to the history of one of the most important peoples of the ancient Mediterranean, illuminating the way that cultures on the 'fringes' of the ancient world in chronological and geographical terms can provide important and interesting case studies; to explore the breadth of evidence for Etruscan society and what it tells us about the differences and similarities of the Etruscans to their neighbours, particularly the Romans; to cover the full duration of Etruscan history, from the beginnings of urbanisation in the late Bronze Age and the subsequent emergence of Etruscan cities as independent political entities through to their conquest and eventual incorporation into the Roman state.

On completion of the module a student should be able to

On completion of the module a student should be able to demonstrate:

Knowledge and Understanding:

  • A knowledge of the main events in the history of the most important Etruscan cities, and an understanding of their geographical context.
  • A knowledge of the ancient literary texts that deal with the Etruscans and an awareness of the perspectives embodied in them.
  • A knowledge of the main archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic remains from Etruria.

Intellectual Skills:

  • An ability to explore the historical implications of the archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence for aspects of Etruscan society such as political organisation, social and economic life, religious activity and ethnic identity.

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

·                    An ability to use material and literary evidence to answer historical questions about the Etruscans

Transferable Skills:

  • An ability to organise and present an oral discussion of an object in the British Museum
  • An ability to construct written work with coherent and logical arguments, clearly and correctly expressed.

How the module will be delivered

This module will be taught by a series of lectures and supporting seminars

Skills that will be practised and developed

On completion of the module a student should be able to demonstrate:

Knowledge and Understanding:

  • A knowledge of the main events in the history of the most important Etruscan cities, and an understanding of their geographical context.
  • A knowledge of the ancient literary texts that deal with the Etruscans and an awareness of the perspectives embodied in them.
  • A knowledge of the main archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic remains from Etruria.

Intellectual Skills:

  • An ability to explore the historical implications of the archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence for aspects of Etruscan society such as political organisation, social and economic life, religious activity and ethnic identity.

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

·                    An ability to use material and literary evidence to answer historical questions about the Etruscans

Transferable Skills:

  • An ability to organise and present an oral discussion of an object in the British Museum
  • An ability to construct written work with coherent and logical arguments, clearly and correctly expressed.

How the module will be assessed

This module will be assessed by a source criticism coursework (100%)

Assessment Breakdown

Type % Title Duration(hrs)
Written Assessment 100 Coursework N/A

Syllabus content

The Villanovan and Orientalising periods

Urbanisation and settlement patterns

Language, literacy and literature

Government and social structure

Religion and sanctuaries

Death and burial

Trade and external relations

The Roman conquest of Etruria and the Etruscans after the Roman conquest: a question of decline?

Etruriaand Etruscans during the Imperial period: nostalgia for the past?

The 'rediscovery' of the Etruscans and their impact on European scholarship and culture

Essential Reading and Resource List

BIBLIOGRAPHY

There are many books on the Etruscans, but their quality tends to be uneven. Try to use the most up to date items possible, and be wary of works (especially websites) written by non-specialists. If in doubt see your seminar tutor. Some of these books are also in the Sheila White library (marked with SWL). An asterix marks particularly recommended works. The bibliography is listed by theme.

Journal abbreviations used

AJA American Journal of Archaeology

BSA Annual of the British School at Athens

CQ Classical Quarterly

G&R Greece and Rome

JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies

JRS Journal of Roman Studies

PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome

[All except BSA and PBSR are available on JSTOR, http://uk.jstor.org; hard copies of all are to be found in the Periodicals section of the ASSL library - floor 3]

General bibliography for the course

These books can be consulted for most class and essay topics. Books marked in bold are the best textbooks to buy, if you feel so inclined (there are no required purchases for this module).

*G. Barker, T. Rasmussen, The Etruscans (Oxford, 1998) [SWL]
L. Banti, The Etruscan Cities and Their Culture (London, 1973)
F. Boitani et al. (eds), Etruscan Cities (London, 1976)
*L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986) [SWL]

G. Camporeale, The Etruscans Outside Etruria (Los Angeles, Calif., 2004)

M. Grant, The Etruscans (London, 1980)
J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997])
*S. Haynes, Etruscan Civilisation (London, 2000)

*V. Izzet, The Archaeology of Etruscan Society (Cambridge, 2007)
V. Izzet, 'Etruria and the Etruscans: recent approaches', in G. Bradley, E. Isayev and C. Riva (eds), Ancient Italy: Regions Without Boundaries (Exeter, 2007) 114-30

*M. Pallottino, The Etruscans (London, 1976) [various editions]
*M. Pallottino, A History of Earliest Italy (London, 1991)
T.W. Potter, The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (London, 1979)
T.W. Potter, Roman Italy (London, 1987)

T.C.B. Rasmussen, 'Archaeology in Etruria 1985-1995', Archaeological Reports for 1995-1996, no. 42,  48-58
*D. & F.R. Ridgway (eds), Italy Before the Romans (London, 1979)
D. Ridgway, 'The Etruscans', in J. Boardman, et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History 4(2). Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 BC (Cambridge, 1988),  634-675
D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting. Studies in Honour of Ellen Macnamara (London, 2000)

*C. Riva, The Urbanisation of Etruria: Funerary Practices and Social Change, 700-600 BC (Cambridge, 2010)

H. H. Scullard, The Etruscan Cities and Rome (London, 1967)
*N. Spivey, S. Stoddart, Etruscan Italy (London, 1990) [SWL]

S. Stoddart, Historical dictionary of the Etruscans (Plymouth, 2009)
*M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001) (exhibition catalogue) [SWL]

Literary sources and images of the Etruscans

M. B. Bittarello, 'The Construction of Etruscan 'Otherness' in Latin Literature', G&R Second Series 56. 2 (Oct., 2009), 211-233

Bonfante 1986 under General

G. D. Farney, Ethnic identity and aristocratic competition in Republican Rome (Cambridge, 2007) chap. 4

The Origin of the Etruscans

(see also especially works by M. Pallottino under General)

D. Briquel, ‘The origins of the Etruscans: a controversy handed down from antiquity', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001), 43-51
H. Hencken, Tarquinia and Etruscan Origins (London, 1968)

M.E. Moser, ‘The origins of the Etruscans: new evidence for an old question', in J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997]),  23-49

Villanovan Culture

*G. Bartoloni, 'The origin and diffusion of Villanovan culture', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  53-71
 D. Ridgway, 'Italy from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age'. in J. Boardman et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume IV(2). Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 BC (Cambridge, 1988),  623-633
 D. Ridgway, 'Campania, Latium Vetus and Southern Etruria in the Ninth and Eighth Centuries BC', in The First Western Greeks (Cambridge, 1992),  121-138
D. Ridgway, 'The Villanovan cemeteries of Bologna and Pontecagnano', JRA 7 (1994),  303-316 (review article)

The Phoenicians and the Western Greeks

M.E. Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West (Cambridge, 1993) [SWL]
J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas (London, 1999)
J.N. Coldstream, ‘Prospectors and pioneers: Pithekoussai, Kyme and Central Italy', in G. Tsetskhladze, F. De Angelis (eds), The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation (Oxford, 1994),  47-59
K. Lomas, ‘The polis in Italy: Ethnicity and citizenship in the western Mediterranean' in R. Brock & S. Hodkinson (eds), Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Experience and Community in Ancient Greece (Oxford, 2000),  167-185
G.E. Markoe, ‘In pursuit of metal. Phoenicians and Greeks in Italy', in G. Kopcke, I. Tokumaru (eds) Greecebetween East and West. 10th-8th Centuries BC (Mainz, 1992),  61-84
H.G. Niemeyer, R. Rolle (eds), Interactions in the Iron Age: Phoenicians, Greeks and the Indigenous Peoples of the Western Mediterranean (Mainz, 1996)

G. Pugliese Carratelli (ed.), The Western Greeks (Milan, 1996)
*D. Ridgway, The First Western Greeks (Cambridge, 1992)
D. Ridgway, ‘Demaratus and his predecessors', in G. Kopcke & I. Tokumaru (eds), Greecebetween East and West. 10th-8th Centuries BC (Mainz, 1992),  85-92
D. Ridgway, ‘Phoenicians and Greeks in the West: a view from Pithekoussai', in G. Tsetskhladze, F. De Angelis (eds), The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation (Oxford, 1994),  35-46
*F. R. Serra Ridgway, "Etruscans, Greeks, Carthaginians: The Sanctuary at Pyrgi," in J.-P. Descouedres ed., Greek Colonists and Native Populations (Oxford, 1990) 511-530 [photocopy borrowable off GB]

M. Torelli, ‘The encounter with the Etruscans', in G. Pugliese Carratelli (ed.), The Western Greeks (Milan, 1996),  567-576

Orientalizing culture

 A. Naso, 'The Etruscan aristocracy in the Orientalizing period: culture, economy, relations', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  111-129
A. Rathje, 'Oriental imports in Etruria in the eighth and seventh centuries BC', in D. Ridgway & F. R. Ridgway (eds), Italy Before the Romans (London, 1979), 145-183
A. Rathje, 'The adoption of the Homeric banquet in Central Italy in the orientalizing period', in O. Murray, Sympotica (Oxford, 1990),  279-288
 A. Rathje, 'Banquet and ideology: some new considerations about banqueting at Poggio Civitate', in R.D. De Puma, J.P. Small (eds), Murlo and the Etruscans (Madison, Wisconsin, 1994),  95-99
D. Ridgway, 'Nestor's cup and the Etruscans', Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16 (1997),  325-344

C. Riva, ' The orientalizing period in Etruria: sophisticated communities', in C. Riva, N. Vella (eds), Debating orientalization: multidisciplinary approaches to change in the ancient Mediterranean (London; Oakville, CT, 2006) 110-134
J.P. Small, 'Eat, drink and be merry: Etruscan banquets', in R.D. De Puma, J.P. Small (eds), Murlo and the Etruscans (Madison, Wisconsin, 1994),  85-94
H.C. Winther, ‘Princely tombs of the orientalising period in Etruria and Latium Vetus', in H. Damgaard Andersen, H.W. Horsnaes, S. Houby-Nielsen, A. Rathje (eds), Acta Hyperborea 7. Urbanisation in the Mediterranean in the 9th to the 6th Centuries BC (Copenhagen, 1997),  423-444

Early Settlements

J. Rasmus Brandt, L. Karlsson (eds), From Huts to Houses. Transformations of Ancient Societies (Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae, Series 4, LVI, and Acta ad Archaeologiam et Artium Historiam Pertinentia, 4, XIII) (Stockholm, 2001)
R.D. De Puma, J.P. Small (eds), Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria (Madison, Wisconsin, 1994)
K.M. Phillips, Jr., In the Hills of Tuscany. Recent Excavations at the Etruscan Site of Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena) (Philadelphia, 1993)

J. MacIntosh Turfa and A. G. Steinmayer Jr, 'Interpreting early Etruscan structures: the question of Murlo', PBSR 70 (2002), 1-28
Urbanisation

H. Damgaard Andersen, ‘The archaeological evidence for the origin and development of the Etruscan city in the 7th to 6th centuries BC', in H. Damgaard Andersen, H.W. Horsnaes, S. Houby-Nielsen, A. Rathje (eds), Acta Hyperborea 7. Urbanisation in the Mediterranean in the 9th to the 6th Centuries BC (Copenhagen, 1997),  343-382
R. Drews, ‘The coming of the city to Central Italy', American Journal of Ancient History 6 (1981),  133-65

R. Leighton, Tarquinia. An Etruscan city (London, 2004) [covers whole history and archaeology of the city]

G. Mansuelli, ‘The Etruscan city', in D. Ridgway & F.R. Ridgway (eds), Italy Before the Romans (London, 1979),  353-372
S. Stoddart, ‘Divergent trajectories in central Italy, 1200-500 BC', in T.C. Champion (ed.), Centre and Periphery. Comparative Studies in Archaeology (London, 1989),  88-101

Domestic Architecture

A. Boëthius, Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture (London, 1978)

D. Dvorsky Rohner, ‘Etruscan domestic architecture: an ethnoarchaeological model', in J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997]),  115-145
V. Izzet, ‘Putting the house in order: the development of Etruscan domestic architecture', in J. Rasmus Brandt, L. Karlsson (eds), From Huts to Houses (Stockholm, 2001),  41-49
E. Nielsen, ‘An atrium house of the 6th c. BC at Roselle', JRA 10 (1997),  323-326

F. Prayon, ‘Architecture', in L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986),  174-201 [SWL]

Rural settlement and agriculture

G. Barker, ‘The archaeology of the Etruscan countryside', Antiquity 62 (1988),  772-785
G. Barker, T.B. Rasmussen, ‘The archaeology of an Etruscan polis: a preliminary report on the Tuscania project (1986 and 1987 seasons)', PBSR 56 (1988),  25-42
G. Cifani, ‘Notes on the rural landscape of central Tyrrhenian Italy in the 6th-5th century BC and its social significance', JRA 15 (2002),  247-258

A. Grant, T. Rasmussen, G. Barker, ‘Tuscania: excavation of an Etruscan rural building', Studi Etruschi 58 (1993),  566-570

H. Patterson (ed.), Bridging the Tiber: approaches to regional archaeology in the middle Tiber valley (London, 2004)
H. Patterson, H. Di Giuseppe, R. Witcher, 'Three south Etrurian 'crises': first results of the Tiber Valley Project', PBSR 72 (2004) 1-36

P. Perkins, 'Cities, cemeteries and rural settlements of the Albegna Valley and the Ager Cosanus in the Orientalising and Archaic periods', Papers of the Fourth Conference of Italian Archaeology 1.1 (London, 1991),  135-144
P. Perkins, Etruscan Settlement, Society and Material Culture in Central Coastal Etruria. BAR IS 788 (Oxford, 1999)
P. Perkins, I. Attolini, ‘An Etruscan farm at Podere Tartuchino', PBSR 60 (1992),  71-134

T. Potter, The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (1979)

*T.W. Potter, ‘Towns and territories in Southern Etruria', in J. Rich, A. Wallace-Hadrill (eds), City and Country in the Ancient World (London, 1991),  191-209

Language, Alphabet and Inscriptions

L. Agostiniani, 'The language', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  485-499
G. Bagnasco Gianni, 'The writing', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  477-483
*G. Bonfante & L. Bonfante, The Etruscan Language: an Introduction (Manchester, 1983)

L. Bonfante, 'The scripts of Italy', in P.T. Daniels & W. Bright (eds), The World's Writing Systems (Oxford, 1996),  297-311
M. Cristofani, 'Recent advances in Etruscan epigraphy and language', in D. Ridgway & F.R. Ridgway (eds), Italy Before the Romans (London, 1979),  375-411
J.H. Penney, 'The languages of Italy', in J. Boardman, et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History Volume IV(2). Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 BC (Cambridge, 1988),  720-738
E. Richardson, 'An archaeological introduction to the Etruscan language', in L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster 1986),  215-231 [SWL]

M. M. T. Watmough, Studies in the Etruscan loanwords in Latin (Florence, 1997)

R. Wallace, Zikh Rasna: a manual of the Etruscan language and inscriptions (Ann Arbor, MI, 2008)

Literacy and History

*T.J. Cornell, 'Etruscan historiography', Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Series 3, 6.2 (1976),  411-440 [available as a photocopy off GB]
T.J. Cornell, 'The tyranny of the evidence: a discussion of the possible uses of literacy in Etruria and Latium in the archaic age', in Literacy in the Roman World (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1991),  7-33
Harris, Rome and Etruria (under Roman conquest)

S. Stoddart, J. Whitley, 'The social context of literacy in Archaic Greece and Etruria', Antiquity 62 (1988),  761-772

Government

F.-H. Massa-Pairault, ‘The social structure and the serf question', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  255-271
A. Maggiani, 'Republican political forms', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  227-241
M. Menichetti, ‘Political forms in the archaic period', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  205-225

*M. Torelli, 'The Etruscan city-state', in M. H. Hansen, A Comparative Study Of Thirty City-State Cultures : an investigation (Copenhagen, 2000) 189-208
Military

B. D'Agostino, 'Military organization and social structure in archaic Etruria', in O. Murray & S. Price (eds), The Greek City from Homer to Alexander (Oxford, 1990),  59-84
P. Stary, 'Foreign elements in Etruscan arms and armour', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 45 (1979),  179-206
P. Stary, 'Early Iron Age armament and warfare', in D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting (London, 2000),  209-220

Women and Gender

L. Bonfante Warren, 'The women of Etruria', Arethusa 6 (1973),  91-102
L. Bonfante Warren, 'Etruscan women. A question of interpretation', Archaeology 26 (1973),  242-249
L. Bonfante, 'Etruscan couples and their aristocratic society', in H. Foley (ed.), Reflections of Women in Antiquity (1981),  323-341
*L. Bonfante, 'Etruscan women', in E. Fantham et al. (eds), Women in the Classical World (Oxford, 1994),  243-259
*F. Glinister, 'Women and power in archaic Rome', in T. Cornell, K. Lomas (eds), Gender and Ethnicity in Ancient Italy (London, 1997),  115-127
*S. Haynes, Etruscan Civilisation (London, 2000) [large sections on the role of Etruscan women]
V. Izzet, 'Holding a mirror to Etruscan gender', in R. Whitehouse (ed.), Gender and Italian Archaeology: Challenging the Stereotypes (London, 1998),  209-227
L. E. Lundeen, 'In search of the Etruscan priestess: a reexamination of the hatrencu', in C. E. Schultz, P. B. Harvey (eds.), Religion in Republican Italy. Yale Classical Studies (Cambridge, 2006)

M. Nielsen, 'Common Tombs for Women in Etruria: Buried Matriarchies?' in P. Setälä, L. Savunen, Female Networks and the Public Sphere in Roman Society (Rome, 1999) 65-136

A. Rallo, 'The woman's role', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  131-139
A. Rathje, 'The adoption of the Homeric banquet in Central Italy in the orientalizing period', in O. Murray, Sympotica (Oxford, 1990),  279-288
A. Rathje, '"Princesses" in Etruria and Latium Vetus?', in D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting (London, 2000),  295-300

J. Swaddling and J. Prag (eds.), Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa: the story of an Etruscan noblewoman (London, 2002)

J. Toms, 'The construction of gender in Early Iron Age Etruria', in R. Whitehouse (ed.), Gender and Italian Archaeology (London, 1998),  156-177
Cults, Deities and Rituals

L. Bonfante, 'Fufluns Pacha: the Etruscan Dionysus', in T. Carpenter, C.A. Faraone (eds), Masks of Dionysus (Ithaca-London, 1993),  221-235
G. Dumezil, 'The religion of the Etruscans', Archaic Roman Religion (Chicago-London, 1970), appendix

*J.-R. Jannot, Religion in Ancient Etruria (Madison, Wis., 2005)
H. Nagy, 'Divinities in the context of sacrifice and cult on Caeretan votive terracottas', in R.D. De Puma, J.P. Small (eds), Murlo and the Etruscans (Madison, 1994),  211-223
*N. Thomson de Grummond, E. Simon (eds.), The religion of the Etruscans (Austin, TX, 2006)
M. Torelli, 'Etruscan religion', in M. Torelli (ed.), The Etruscans (London, 2001),  273-289
L.B. Van Der Meer, The Bronze Liver of Piacenza. Analysis of a Polytheistic Structure (Amsterdam, 1987)
*J. M. Turfa, 'Etruscan religion at the watershed: before and after the fourth century BCE, in C. E. Schultz, P. B. Harvey (eds.), Religion in Republican Italy. Yale Classical Studies (Cambridge, 2006)

S. Weinstock, 'Martianus Capella and the Cosmic System of the Etruscans', JRS 36 (1946),  101-129

S. Weinstock, 'Libri fulgurales', PBSR 19 (1951) 122-53

Mythology (see also works under General bibliography, and Art)

*L. Bonfante and J. Swaddling,Etruscan myths (London, 2006)

A. Carpino, 'Greek mythology in Etruria: an iconographical anlysis of three Etruscan relief mirrors', in J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997]),  65-91 [Vulci]

C. Dougherty, 'The Aristonothos Krater. Competing stories of conflict and collaboration', in C. Dougherty, L. Kurke (eds.), The Cultures within Ancient Greek Culture. Contact, Conflict, Collaboration (Cambridge, 2003), 35-56

V. Izzet, 'Purloined letters: the Aristonothos inscription and crater' In K. Lomas (ed.) The Greeks in the West. Papers in Honour of Brian Shefton, Leiden: 2004,191-210

J.P. Oleson, ‘Greek myth and Etruscan imagery in the Tomb of the Bulls at Tarquinia', AJA 79 (1975),  189-200

L. B. Van Der Meer, Interpretatio etrusca. Greek myths on Etruscan mirrors (Amsterdam, 1995)

L. B. Van Der Meer, Myths and More on Etruscan Stone Sarcophagi (c.350-c.200 B.C.) (Louvain, 2004)

Templesand sanctuaries

I.E.M. Edlund, The Gods and the Place. Location and Function of Sanctuaries in the Countryside of Etruria and Magna Graecia (700-400 BC). Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae 4, 43 (Stockholm, 1987)
I.E.M. Edlund-Berry, 'Ritual destruction of cities and sanctuaries', in R.D. de Puma, J.P. Small (eds), Murlo and the Etruscans (Wisconsin, 1994),  16-28
J. Heurgon, ‘The inscriptions of Pyrgi', JRS 56 (1966),  1-15

V. Izzet, 'Tuscan order', in E. Bispham, C. Smith (eds), Religion in Archaic and Republican Rome and Italy (Edinburgh, 2000),  34-53

C. Riva, S. Stoddart, 'Ritual landscapes in archaic Etruria', in J.B. Wilkins (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Ritual (London, 1996),  91-109
J.M. Turfa & A.G. Steinmayer, 'The comparative structure of Greek and Etruscan monumental buildings', PBSR 64 (1996),  1-40

see also Serra Ridgway under Phoenicians

Votiveofferings

I.Edlund, ‘Mens sana in corpore sano: healing cults as a political factor in Etruscan religion', in Gifts to the Gods. Boreas 15 (Uppsala, 1987),  51-56
B.-M. Fridh-Haneson, ‘Votive terracottas from Italy, types and problems', in Gifts to the Gods. Boreas 15 (Uppsala, 1987),  66-7
J.M. Turfa, ‘Anatomical votives and Italian medical traditions', in R.D. De Puma, J.P. Small (eds), Murlo and the Etruscans (Madison, Wisconsin, 1994),  224-240
Funerary Culture (all periods)

L. Bonfante, ‘Human sacrifice on an Etruscan funerary urn', AJA 88 (1984),  531-539
L. Bonfante, ‘Daily life and afterlife', in L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986), 232-278 [SWL]
*L. Bonfante, ‘Etruscan sexuality and funerary art', in N.B. Kampen (ed.), Sexuality in Ancient Art. Near East, Egypt, Greece, and Italy (Cambridge, 1996), 155-169
Izzet 2007 and Riva 2010 under General

Funerary Architecture

V. Izzet, ‘Engraving the boundaries. Exploring space and surface in Etruscan funerary architecture', in J.B. Wilkins (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Ritual: Italy and the Ancient Mediterranean (London, 1996),  55-72

J. P. Oleson, The sourcesof innovation in later Etruscan tomb design (ca. 350-100 B.C.) (Rome, 1982)
*F. Prayon, ‘Architecture', in L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986),  174-201 [SWL]

Painted Tombs (see also Art)

P.J. Holliday, ‘Narrative structures in the François Tomb', in P.J. Holliday (ed.), Narrative and Event in Ancient Art (Cambridge, 1993),  175-197

R.R. Holloway, ‘The bulls in the "Tomb of the Bulls" at Tarquinia', AJA 90 (1986),  447-452
R.L. Maxwell, ‘Quia ister Tusco verbo ludio vocabatur: the Etruscan contribution to the development of Roman theater', in J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997])

J.P. Oleson, ‘Greek myth and Etruscan imagery in the Tomb of the Bulls at Tarquinia', AJA 79 (1975),  189-200
M. Pallottino, Etruscan Painting (Cleveland Ohio, 1952)
F. R. Serra Ridgway, ‘The tomb of the Anina family: some motifs in late Tarquinian painting', in D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting. Studies in Honour of Ellen Macnamara (London, 2000),  301-316

S. Steingräber, Abundance of life: Etruscan wall painting (Los Angeles, 2006)

Art

J. D. Beazley, 'The world of the Etruscan Mirror,' JHS 69 (1949) 1-17

L. Bonfante, 'Historical Art: Etruscan and Early Rome', American Journal of Ancient History 3 (1978),  136-162
O.J. Brendel, Etruscan Art (Harmondsworth, 1978)
M. Briguet, 'Art', in L. Bonfante (ed.),Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986),  92-173 [SWL]
B. D'Agostino, 'Image and society in archaic Etruria', JRS 79 (1989),  1-10

A. A. Carpino, Discs of splendor: the relief mirrors of the Etruscans (Madison, Wis., 2003)

E. Goring (ed.), Treasures from Tuscany: the Etruscan legacy (Edinburgh, 2004)
N. De Grummond, 'Etruscan mirrors now', AJA 6 (2002) 307-11

S. Haynes, Etruscan Sculpture (London, 1971) [a brief guidebook]
F. R. Serra Ridgway, 'Etruscan art and culture: a bibliography 1978-1990', JRA 4 (1991),  5-27

N.J. Spivey, Etruscan Art (London, 1997) [SWL]
J. Swaddling, Corpus speculorum Etruscorum: Great Britain. 1 ; Fasc. 1, The British Museum; Archaic and classical mirrors (early tanged & related mirrors) (London, 2001)

Pottery (see also under Art)
J.D. Beazley, Etruscan Vase-Painting (Oxford, 1947)
R.M. Cook, Greek Painted Pottery (London, 1997)

S. Lewis, 'Representation and reception: Athenian pottery in its Italian context', in J. B. Wilkins, E. Herrring, Inhabiting Symbols (London, 2003) 175-92
J.P. Small, 'Scholars, Etruscans and Attic painted vases', JRA 7 (1994),  34-58
N.J. Spivey, The Micali Painter and his Followers (Oxford, 1987)
Economy, Trade and Industry (see also under Phoenicians)

J. de Boer, 'Etruscan sea-going vessels from the 10th to the 5th century BC', Talanta 24-25 (1992-93),  11-22
A. Naso, 'Etruscan and Italic artefacts from the Aegean', in D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting (London, 2000),  193-207
J. Swaddling, S. Walker & P. Roberts (eds), Italy in Europe: Economic Relations 700BC - AD50 (London, 1995)
*J. Turfa, 'International contacts: commerce, trade and foreign affairs', in L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986),  66-91 [SWL]
J.-P. Wilson, 'The illiterate trader?', BICS 44 (1997),  29-56

The Etruscans and Early Rome

A. Alföldi, Early Rome and the Latins (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1965)
T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (London, 1995), chapter 6

T. J. Cornell, 'Ethnicity as a factor in early Roman history', in T. J. Cornell, K. Lomas (eds.), Gender and Ethnicity in Ancient Italy (London, 1997) 9-21

G. Forsythe, A Critical History Of Early Rome: From Prehistory To The First Punic War (Berkeley, CA, 2005)

A. Naso, 'The Etruscans in Lazio' in G. Camporeale (ed.), The Etruscans Outside Etruria (Los Angeles, Calif., 2004)

T. Rasmussen, 'The Tarquins and 'Etruscan Rome'', in T. J. Cornell, K. Lomas (eds.), Gender and Ethnicity in Ancient Italy (London, 1997) 23-30

The Roman conquest and Romanisation of Etruria
G. Bradley, 'Romanisation: the end of the peoples of Italy?', in G. Bradley, E. Isayev and C. Riva (eds), Ancient Italy: Regions Without Boundaries (Exeter, 2007) 295-322

*T.J. Cornell, 'The conquest of Italy', in F.W. Walbank et al. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History 7.2(2). The Rise of Rome to 220 BC (Cambridge, 1989),  351-419 [largely reproduced in The Beginnings of Rome]
E. Curti, 'Toynbee's legacy: discussing aspects of the Romanization of Italy', in S. Keay & N. Terrenato (eds), Italyand the West. Comparative Issues in Romanization (Oxford, 2001),  17-26 (esp.  21ff.)
J.-M. David, The Roman Conquest of Italy (Oxford, 1996)

*W.V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria (Oxford, 1971)
S. Keay et al., 'Falerii Novi: a new survey of the walled area', PBSR 68 (2000),  1-93

G. Manuwald, Roman Republican Theatre. A History, Cambridge, 2011 22-26 (on Etruscan drama)
M. Munzi, 'Strategies and forms of political Romanization in central-southern Etruria (third century BC)', in S. Keay & N. Terrenato (eds), Italyand the West. Comparative Issues in Romanization (Oxford, 2001),  39-53
E. Rawson, 'Caesar, Etruria and the Disciplina Etrusca', JRS 68 (1978),  132-152 = Roman Culture and Society. Collected Papers (Oxford, 1991),  289-323

R. Roth Styling Romanisation: pottery and society in central Italy (Cambridge, 2007)
N. Spivey, 'From Etruscan Rome to Roman Etruria', in Etruscan Art (London, 1997),  149-82
*N. Terrenato, 'Tam firmum municipium: the Romanization of Volaterrae and its cultural implications', JRS 88 (1998),  94-114
N. Terrenato, 'A tale of three cities: the Romanization of northern coastal Etruria', in S. Keay & N. Terrenato (eds), Italy and the West. Comparative Issues in Romanization (Oxford, 2001),  54-67
M. Torelli, Studies in the Romanization of Italy (Edmonton, Alberta, 1995), chapters 2 & 3
*M. Torelli, Tota Italia. Essays in the Cultural Formation of Roman Italy (Oxford, 1999)

Etruria in the roman empire: 'Etruscheria' and 'nostalgia' (see also under Literary Sources above)

Bradley, 'Romanisation' under The Roman Conquest above

T.J. Cornell, 'Principes of Tarquinia', JRS 68 (1978),167-173
J.F. Hall, 'From Tarquins to Caesars: Etruscan governance at Rome', in J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997]),  149-189
R.T. Macfarlane, 'Tyrrhena regum progenies: Etruscan literary figures from Horace to Ovid', in J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997]),  241-65
M. Torelli, Studies in the Romanization of Italy (Edmonton, Alberta, 1995), chapter 4
M. Torelli, 'The Corsini throne: a monument of the Etruscan genealogy of a Roman gens', in Tota Italia. Essays in the Cultural Formation of Roman Italy (Oxford, 1999), ch. 6

Rediscovery and Interpretations of the Etruscans
M. Handley, 'Renaissance epigraphy and its legitimating potential: Annius of Viterbo, Etruscan inscriptions, and the origins of civilization', in A. E. Cooley, The Afterlife Of Inscriptions : Reusing, Rediscovering, Reinventing & Revitalizing Ancient Inscriptions (London, 2000) 000

N. De Grummond, 'Rediscovery', in L. Bonfante (ed.), Etruscan Life and Afterlife (Warminster, 1986),  18-46 [SWL]
J.F. Hall (ed.), Etruscan Italy (Provo, Utah, 1996 [1997]),  305-65
M.I. Finley, Aspects of Antiquity (Harmondsworth, 1972), 'Etruscheria',  99-109 [SWL]
M. Greenhalgh, The Classical Tradition in Art (London, 1978)
S. Haynes, 'Etruria Britannica', in D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting (London, 2000),  319-325
R. Leighton, C. Castelino, 'Thomas Dempster and Ancient Etruria: a review of the autobiography and de Etruria Regali', PBSR 58 (1990),  337-352
T.W. Potter, 'Dennis of Etruria: a celebration', Antiquity 72 (1998),  916-921
N.T. Ramage, 'Goods, graves and scholars: 18th-century archaeologists in Britain and Italy', AJA 96 (1992),  653-661
A. Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past (London, 1996), esp.  304ff.
*N. Spivey, 'Greek vases in Etruria', in T. Rasmussen & N. Spivey (eds), Looking at Greek Vases (Cambridge, 1991),  131-150


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