HS3317: Roman Imperial History, 31BC-AD138

School Ancient History
Department Code SHARE
Module Code HS3317
External Subject Code V110
Number of Credits 30
Level L6
Language of Delivery English
Module Leader null null null
Semester Double Semester
Academic Year 2013/4

Outline Description of Module

The Principate created by Augustus ended the civil wars of the late Republic, and ushered in a new monarchical form of government that is often considered to have reached its apogee in the reign of Trajan and Hadrian. This module uses historical writings and contemporary documents and monuments to examine the course of the Julio-Claudian and Flavian dynasties and their successors, and how under their control the Empire experienced a period of relative peace and prosperity. It considers the main developments and events of the period in Rome and the provinces, and charts the increasing importance of Rome's provinces, both socially and politically. In addition, the course examines the images and ideologies of imperial government created at Rome, and the extent to which this government was accepted or rejected in the provinces. METHODS OF TEACHING: Approximately 30 one-hour lectures; 6 seminars. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT: One essay (35%); two class tests, (15%); one 2-hour examination (50%). REQUISITES: Module HS3102 Introduction to Roman History.

On completion of the module a student should be able to

·         knowledge of the political, military and social developments throughout the Roman Empire as well as the various internal and external factors that influenced them.

·         an ability to handle, with historical knowledge of the period, the available sources, including poetry, inscriptions and monuments as well as contemporary and later historians;

·         that they have awareness of historiographical issues in studying material which is distorted by bias, self-censorship and governmental constraints.

·         an ability to discuss these issues in assessed work with coherent and logical arguments, clearly and correctly expressed.

How the module will be delivered

This module will be taught by a series of  lectures and supporting seminars at times to be arranged.

Skills that will be practised and developed

On successful completion of the module, the student will demonstrate:

·         knowledge of the political, military and social developments throughout the Roman Empire as well as the various internal and external factors that influenced them.

·         an ability to handle, with historical knowledge of the period, the available sources, including poetry, inscriptions and monuments as well as contemporary and later historians;

·         that they have awareness of historiographical issues in studying material which is distorted by bias, self-censorship and governmental constraints.

·         an ability to discuss these issues in assessed work with coherent and logical arguments, clearly and correctly expressed.

How the module will be assessed

Written Examination: Percentage Contribution to the Module Assessment:

50

%

                        Semester in which Written Examination is to be Scheduled :

 

Spring

                        Duration of Examination:

2

hrs

In-course Assessment: Percentage Contribution to the Module Assessment:

50

%

May include:

                        Class Test:

15%

                        Coursework:
                       
(e.g. one or more essay))

35%

 

Assessment Breakdown

Type % Title Duration(hrs)
Class Test 15 Roman Imperial History 31bc - Ad138 N/A
Written Assessment 35 Roman Imperial History 31bc - Ad138 N/A
Exam - Spring Semester 50 Roman Imperial History 31bc - Ad138 2

Syllabus content

·         The major literary sources, including Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny, Martial, Juvenal, and the Res Gestae

·         Other relevant types of source material, including epigraphy, archaeology and numismatics

·         The establishment of the Principate and its evolution over this period; the civil wars of 69, and the consolidation of the principate under the Flavians and their successors.

·         The course of succession, the Julio-Claudian and Flavian dynasties and their successors, and the character of individual emperors

·         The elite: senators and equestrians and the development of a ‘civil service’

·         Developments in the provinces and on the frontiers; the economy of the empire

·         Relationship of emperor with the plebs, provinces and army

·         Changing religious & moral ideologies

·         The image of the emperor and the imperial household

Essential Reading and Resource List

This bibliography is by no means exhaustive and seminar tutors can provide further reading on any topic. In particular students should investigate studies of the ancient writers, only a few of which have been listed. Books marked in bold must be purchased for this module; books marked with an asterisk are readily available in paperback and well worth purchasing (especially the primary sources).

A. Sources

Source books

D.Braund, Augustus to Nero: a sourcebook on Roman History 31BC - AD 68, 1985, DG281.B7

K.Chisholm & J.Ferguson Rome: The Augustan Age, 1981, DG231.R6

M.G.L. Cooley (ed.), LACTOR 17: The Age of Augustus, 2003* DG279.C6

A. Cooley, Res Gestae divi Augustu, 2009, PA6620.A85.C6

B. Levick (ed.), LACTOR 18: The High Tide of Empire- Emperors and Empire AD14-117, 2002 DG270.H4

K.Lomas, Roman Italy, a sourcebook, DG237.L6

R.K.Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, 1988,* DG275.R6

P.A.Brunt & J.Moore Res Gestae divi Augusti, 1984,* PA6620.A85.B7

Major texts

Dio, Histories, Loeb Classical Library (available on-line at:

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html; Principate of Augustus is available as a Penguin *; The Julio-Claudians (LACTOR 15)*)

Historia Augusta, life of Hadrian (Loeb Classical Library , and Penguin - Lives of the Later Caesars ), on line at

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/home.html

Josephus, The Jewish War, (Penguin)

Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires (Penguin)

Martial, Epigrams (Penguin)

Letters of the Younger Pliny (Penguin)

Pliny, Panegyricus, (Loeb Classical Library)

Seneca, Apocolocynctosis (Pumpkinification of Claudius), (Loeb Classical Library and Penguin with Petronius).

Suetonius, Lives, (Oxford World's Classics edition)

J. M. Carter (ed.), Suetonius, Divus Augustus 1982 PA6700.A32.C2

Res Gestae divi Augustion-line at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html

Tacitus, Annals (Penguin)

Velleius Paterculus, Loeb Classical Library (with the Res Gestae) or available on line at: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html

Commentaries and discussions of sources

A.Cameron (ed.) History as Text for useful articles on Cassius Dio (by J.Rich) and Livy (by J.Henderson) D56.H4

E.Gabba, "The historians and Augustus" in (eds) Millar & Segal, Caesar Augustus

W.Hanson, "Tacitus’ ‘Agricola’", ANRW 2.33.3, 1991, 1741-84

G. Herbert-Brown,Ovid and the Fasti: an historical study, 1994, PA6519.F9.H3

C. Kraus, A. Woodman, Latin Historians, 1997 DG206.A2.K7

R.Mellor, The Roman Historians, 1999, DG205M3

J. Percival, ‘Tacitus and the Principate’, in Greeceand Rome 27 (1980), 120-133

T. Rajak, Josephus, 1983 DS115.9.J6.R2

M. Reinhold, P.M. Swan, ‘Cassius Dio’s Assessment of Augustus’, in K.A. Raaflaub, M. Toher (eds), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (Berkeley 1990), 155-173

A.N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: A Historical & Social Commentary, 1966 PA6640.S4

R. Syme, Tacitus, 1958, PA6716.A5.S9

R. Syme, History in Ovid, 1978, DG279.S9

A.Wallace-Hadrill, Suetonius, 1983, DG278.W2

A.Woodman, Tacitus and Tiberius: the alternative "Annals", 1985, PA6717.W6

A.Woodman (ed.), Velleius Paterculus, the Caesarian & Augustan narrativePA6798.A2

A.Woodman (ed.), Velleius Paterculus, the Tiberian narrative PA6798.A2

Z.Yavetz, "The Res Gestae and Augustus' public image" in (eds) Millar & Segal, Caesar Augustus

B. General

*R.Alston, Aspects of the Roman World AD 14 - 117, 1998, DG276.A5

E. Bispham, Roman Europe. Short Oxford History of Europe, 2008, DG209.R6

A.K.Bowman et al. (eds.), CambridgeAncient History X (43 BC - AD 69), 1996, D57.C2

A.K.Bowman et al. (eds.), CambridgeAncient History XI (AD 69 - 192), 2000, D57.C2

P.A.Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes, 1990, JC89.B7

*P.Garnsey & R.Saller The Roman Empire. Economy, Society & Culture, 1987, DG78.G2

A.Garzetti, From Tiberius to the Antonines, 1974, DG276.G2

*M. Goodman, The Roman World 44 BC - AD 180, 1997, SWLibrary

R.MacMullen, Enemies of the Roman Order, 1966, DG271.M2

*F.Millar, The Roman Empire & its Neighbours, 1981, DG272.M4

F. Millar, Rome, the Greek World and the East 3 vols., 2002-2006 DE4.M4  [Fergus Millar's collected articles]

D.S.Potter, A Companion to the Roman Empire, 2006, DG311.C6

E.T.Salmon, A History of the Roman World 30BC - AD 138 DG270.S2

H. H. Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero, 1988, DG254.S2

A.N.Sherwin-White The Roman Citizenship, 1973,JC85.C5.S4

R.Syme, The Roman Revolution, 1939, DG254.S9

*C.Wells, The Roman Empire, 1984, DG209.W3

T.Wiedemann, The Julio-Claudian Emperors, 1989, SWLibrary

C.Wirszubski, Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late Republic & Early Principate, 1950, JC85.L4.W4

C. Political History

J. Osgood, Caesar’s Legacy: civil war and the emergence of the Roman Empire, 2006, DG279.O8

F. Millar, 'Triumvirate and principate', JRS 63 (1973) 50-67

J.Carter, The Battle of Actium: the Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar, 1970, DG268.C2

A.H.M.Jones, Augustus, 1970, DG279.J6

*F.Millar & E.Segal (eds), Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects, 1984, DG279.C2

F. Millar, 'The first revolution: Imperator Caesar, 36-28 BC', in A. Giovannini (ed.), La révolution romaine après Ronald Syme: bilans et perspectives : sept exposés suivis de discussions, 2000, 1-30, DG278.3.R3

K.A.Raaflaub & M.Toher, Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus & his Principate, 1990, DG279.B3

D.C.Earl, The Age of Augustus, 1968, DG279.E2

*W. Eck, The Age of Augustus, 2003, DG279.E2

D.A.Shotter, Augustus Caesar, 1991, DG279.S4

G.Rowe, Princes and Political Cultures: the new Tiberian Senatorial Decrees, 2002, JC89.R6

B.Levick, Tiberius the Politician, 1976, DG282.L3

R.Seager, Tiberius, 1972, DG282.S3

*D.Shotter, Tiberius Caesar, 1992, DG282.S4

H.W.Bird, "L.Aelius Sejanus and his political significance", Latomus 1969

J.Balsdon, "The Principates of Tiberius and Gaius Caesar", ANRW II 2 86ff. DG210.A8

J.Balsdon, The Emperor Gaius, 1934, DG283.B2

A.A.Barrett, Caligula: the Corruption of Power, 1989, DG283.B2

A.Ferrill, Caligula, Emperor of Rome DG283.F3

Z.Yavetz, "Caligula, Imperial Madness & Modern Historiography", Klio 78 (1996) 105-129

A.Momigliano, Claudius: the Emperor and his Achievement, 1961, DG284.M6

*B.Levick, Claudius, 1990, DG284.L3

B.Levick, "Claudius: Antiquarian or Revolutionary?"American Journal of Philology 99 (1978) 79-105

D.McAlindon, "Claudius and the Senators", AJP 78 (1957) 279-86

J. Osgood, Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire.   Cambridge, 2011 ON ORDER

*M.T.Griffin, Nero: the End of a Dynasty, 1984, DG285.G7

B.H.Warmington, Nero: Reality and Legend, 1969, DG285.W2

V.Rudich, Political Dissidence under Nero DG285.3.R8

J.G.Hind, "The Middle Years of Nero's Reign", Historia 20 (1971) 488-505

F.Lepper, "Some Reflections on the Quinquennium Neronis", JRS 47 (1957)

K.Wellesley, The Long Year, AD 69, 1975, DG286.W3

P.Greenhalgh, The Year of the Four Emperors, 1975, DG286.G7

G.Chilver, "The Army in Politics AD68-70", JRS 47 (1957) 29-35

P.A.Brunt, "The Revolt of Vindex and the Fall of Nero", Latomus 18 (1959) 531-59, also in Roman Imperial Themes

Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Provinces: some problems of the early 70’s AD", Athenaeum 51 (1973) 49-78.

B.Levick, Vespasian, 1999, DG289.L3

E.G.Turner, "Tiberius Julius Alexander", JRS 44 (1954) 54-64

Brunt, "Stoicism and the Principate", PBSR 43 (1975) 7-35

Jones, The Emperor Titus, 1983, DG290.J6

Jones, The Emperor Domitian, 1992, DG291.J6

P.Southern, Domitian: Tragic Tyrant, 1997, DG292.S6

H.W.Pleket, "Domitian, the senate and the provinces", Mnemosyne 14 (1961) 296-315

J.Bennett, Trajan, Optimus Princeps, 1997, DG294.B3

B.Henderson, The Life & Principate of the Emperor Hadrian, 1923, DG295.H3

S.Perowne, Hadrian, 1960, Cont.937.07.P

A.Birley, Hadrian, The Restless Emperor, 1998, DG295.B4

Morford, "The training of three Roman Emperors", Phoenix 22 (1968) 57-72

D. The Emperor and his Household

R. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, 1994,LAW LIBRARY

A. Barrett, Agrippina, Mother of Nero, 1996, DG284.B2

A. Barrett, Livia. First Lady of Imperial Rome, 2002, DG291.7.L5.B2

P.Brunt, "Lex de imperio Vespasiani", JRS 67 (1977) 95-116

M. Corbier, 'Male power and legitimacy through women: the domus Augusta under the Julio-Claudians', in R. Hawley & B. Levick, Women in Antiquity. New Assessments, 1995, 178-93

J.A.Crook, Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils & Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian, 1955, DG273.C7J.

J. Elsner & J. Masters, Reflections on Nero, 1994, DG285.R3

E. Fantham, Julia Augusti, 2006 DG291.7.J85.F2

J. Ginsburg, Representing Agrippina. Constructions of female power in the early Roman Empire, 2006 DG282.6.G4

N. Kokkinos, Antonia Augusta. Portrait of a great Roman lady ,1992

R. Laurence, "History and female power at Rome", in T.Cornell, K. Lomas (eds.), Gender and Ethnicity in Ancient Italy, 1997 FolioDG190.G3

F.Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, 1977 DG273.M4

F.Millar, "Emperors at Work", JRS 57 (1967) 9-19

F.Millar, "The Emperor, the Senate and the Provinces", JRS 56 (1966) 156ff.

K. Milnor, Gender, Domesticity, and the Age of Augustus: Inventing Private Life. Oxford Studies in Classical Literature and Gender Theory. Oxford, 2005 HQ1136.M4

S. Perone, The Caesars’ Wives: Above Suspicion?, 1974 DG211.P3

N. Purcell, "Livia and the Womanhood of Rome", PCPhS 212 1986

L. Rutland "Women as Makers of Kings in Tacitus’ Annals", Classical World 72, 1978

A. Stewart, Agrippina: Mother of Nero, 1996 DG284.B2

A.Wallace-Hadrill, "Civilis Princeps: Between citizen and king", JRS 72 (1982) 32-48

P.R.C.Weaver, Familia Caesaris. A Social Study of the Emperor's Freedmen and Slaves, 1972, DG272.W3

Z.Yavetz, Plebs and Princeps, 1969, DG271.Y2

E. The Elite, and Augustan Social Legislation (see also D above)

P.A.Brunt, "Princeps and equites", JRS 73 (1983) 42-75

P.A.Brunt, "The Role of the senate in the Augustan regime", CQ 34 (1984) 423-44

K. Hopkins, Death and Renewal, 1983, HN10.R7.H6

A.H.M.Jones, "The Elections under Augustus", JRS 45 (1955) 9-21

B.Levick, "The Politics of the Early Principate" in ed. T.P.Wiseman, Roman Political Life 90 BC - AD 69, 1985

D.McAlindon, "Senatorial opposition to Claudius and Nero", American Journal of Philology 77 (1956) 113-32

T. A. J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, 1998

L.F.Raditsa, "Augustus' legislation concerning marriage, procreation, love affairs and adultery", ANRW II.13 278-339,  DG210.A8

M. B. Roller, Constructing Autocracy: aristocrats and emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome, 2001, DG281.R6

R.P.Saller, Personal Patronage under the Early Empire, 1982, DG83.3.S2

B. Severy, Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire, 2003, DG279.S3

R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, 1986, DG.3.S9

R.J.A.Talbert, "Augustus and the senate", G&R 31 (1984) 55-63

R.J.A.Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome, 1984, JC85.S4.T2

S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage: Iusti Coninges from the time of Cicero to the time of Ulpian, 1991, 60-80 HQ511.T7

T. P. Wiseman, New Men in the Roman Senate 139 B.C.-A.D. 14 Oxford, 1971, JC85.S4.W4

A.Wallace-Hadrill, "Family & Inheritance in the Augustan marriage laws", Proc. Cambridge Philological Society 27 (1981) 58-80

F. Administration and economy: Italy and the Empire

C. Ando, Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire, 2000, DG59.A2.A6

P.A.Brunt, "Charges of provincial maladministration under the early Principate", Historia 10 (1961) 189-223 (see also Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes)

    "The fiscus and its development", JRS 56 (1966) 75-91 (see also Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes)

*D.Braund, The Administration of the Roman Empire, DG241.A3

R. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies, 2nd edn, 1982, DG271.D8

R. Duncan-Jones, Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy, 1990, esp. chaps 2-3, HC39.D8

R. Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire, 1994, HG237.D8

M. I. Finley, The Ancient Economy, 1973, DE83.F4

J. Frayn, Markets & Fairs in Roman Italy, 1993, HF5474.I8.F7

J.Gonzalez, "The Lex Irnitana: a new copy of a Flavian municipal Law", JRS 76 (1986) 147-243

K. Greene, The Archaeology of the Roman Economy, 1986, HC39.G7

B.F.Harris, Bithyniaunder Trajan: Roman and Greek views of the Principate, 1964, D5156.B6.H2

K. Hopkins, 'Models, ships and staples,' in P. Garnsey and C. R. Whittaker (eds.)
Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity, PCPhS supplement, 1983, 84-109 HC31.G2

K. Hopkins, 'Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC – AD 400)', JRS 70 (1980) 101-25.

C. Howgego, 'Coin circulation and the integration of the Roman economy', JRA 7 (1994) 5-21.

B.Levick, The Government of the Roman Empire, 1985, JC89.L3

*A.Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration, 1993, DG241.L4

J. A. Lobur, Consensus, concordia, and the formation of Roman imperial ideology, 2008, ON ORDER

F.Millar, "The Emperor, the senate and the provinces", JRS 56 (1966) 156-66

F.Millar, "State and subject: the impact of monarchy" in Millar & Segal eds.

F.Millar, The Roman Near East 31 BC - AD 337, 1993, DS62.2.M4

W.Nippel, Public Order in Ancient Rome, 1995, DG82.N4

J.R. Patterson, "Crisis: what crisis? Rural change and urban development in imperial Appenine Italy", PBSR 55 (1987) 115-46

O.Robinson, Ancient Rome: city planning and administration, 1992 DG83.R6

P.M.Rogers, "Domitian and the finances of state", Historia 33 (1984) 60-78

R.Syme, "The Imperial finances under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan", JRS 20 (1030) 55-70

A. Wallace-Hadrill & J. Rich (eds), City & Country in the Ancient World, 1991,HT114.C4

G.K. Young, Rome's Eastern Trade: International commerce and imperial policy, 31 BC-AD 305, 2001 HF377.Y6

G. Military affairs

R.Alston, Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt, 1995, DG89.A5

P.A.Brunt, "Conscription & volunteering in the Roman imperial army", in Roman Imperial Themes.

P.A.Brunt, "Augustan Imperialism", JRS 53 (1963) 170-6 (see also Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes)

J.B.Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army, 1984, DG276.5.C2

C. B. Champion, Roman Imperialism. Readings and Sources, 2004, DG209.R6

G.Chilver, "The Army in Politics, AD 68-70", JRS 47 (1957) 29-35

T.J.Cornell, "The end of Roman imperial expansion" in Rich & Shipley (eds.) War & Society in the Roman World, 1993

S.Dyson, "Native revolt-patterns in the Roman Empire", ANRW II 3, 138-75 DG210.A8

E.S.Gruen, "The imperial policy of Augustus" in Raaflaub & Toher (eds.)

B.Isaac, The Limits of Empire, 1993, DG89.I8

L.Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army, 1984, DG89.K3

L.Keppie, Colonisation & veteran settlement in Italy 47-14 BC, 1983, DG87.K3

E.Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, 1976, DG89.L8

J.C.Mann, "The frontiers of the Principate", ANRW II 1, 508-33, DG210.A8

J.C.Mann, "Power, force and the frontiers of the empire", review of Luttwak, JRS 69 (1979) 175-83

S. P. Mattern, Romeand the enemy. Imperial strategy in the principate, 1999,DG271.M2

F.Millar, "Emperors, Frontiers & foreign relations, 31 BC - AD 378", Britannia 13 (1982) 1-23

C.Nicolet, Space, Geography & Politics in the Early Roman Empire, 1991, DG276.5.N4

K.A.Raaflaub, "The Political Significance of Augustus' military reforms", in ed. Hanson & Keppie, Roman Frontier Studies, BAR Int.71, 1979

G.Watson, The Roman Soldier, 1983, DG89.W2

C.M.Wells, The German Policy of Augustus, 1972, DD53.W4

C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire: a social and economic study,1994, DG59.A2.W4

H. Augustan Literature, Art & Architecture

F.Cairns, "Propertius and the battle of Actium (4.6)" in Woodman & West (eds), Poetry & Politics in the Age of Augustus, 1984

D.Cloud, "Roman poetry and anti-militarism" in Rich & Shipley (eds) War & Society in the Roman World, 1993

D. Favro, The Urban Image of Augustan Rome, 1996 DG69.F2

D.C. Feeney, ‘Si licet et as est: Ovid’s Fasti and the Problem of Free Speech under the Principate’, in A. Powell, Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus (1992), 1-25

D.C.Feeney, "History & Revelation in Vergil's Underworld", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 32 (1986) 1-24

K. Galinsky, Augustan Culture: An Interpretative Introduction, 1996, DG279.G2

J.Griffin, Latin poets and Roman life, 1985

"Augustus and the poets: "Caesar qui cogere posset"" in Millar & Segal (eds)

T. Habinek, A. Schiesaro (eds.), The Roman Cultural Revolution, 1997, DG279.R6 esp. essay by Wallace-Hadrill, 'Mutatio maiorum: the idea of a cultural revolution'

N.Hannestad, Roman Art & Imperial Policy, 1986, N5763.H2

D.Kennedy, "'Augustan' and 'anti-Augustan': Reflections on terms of reference" in (ed.) A.Powell, Roman poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus, 1980

D. Kleiner and S. Matheson, I, Claudia II : women in Roman art and society Folio N5763.I2

D. Kleiner and S. Matheson, I, Claudia: women in ancient Rome, 1996, Folio N5763.I2

D. S. Levene, A. P. Nelis (eds.), Clio and the poets: Augustan poetry and the traditions of ancient historiography, 2002, PA6019.C5

T.Luce, "Livy, Augustus & the Forum Augustum" in (ed.) Raaflaub & Toher, 1990

W.Mierse, "Augustan building programs in the Western Provinces" in (ed.) Raaflaub & Toher, 1990 (under Politics)

J. Rich, 'Augustus' Parthian honours, the temple of Mars Ultor and the arch in the Forum Romanum', PBSR 66, 1998, 71-128

M. Toher, ‘Augustus and the Evolution of Roman Historiography’, in K.A. Raaflaub, M. Toher (eds), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (Berkeley 1990), 139-154

A. Wallace-Hadrill, "The golden age and sin in Augustan ideology", Past and Present 95 (1982) 19-36

A. Wallace-Hadrill, "Image & Authority in the Coinage of Augustus", JRS 76 (1986) 57-66

A. Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Time for Augustus: Ovid, Augustus and the Fasti’, in M. Whitby, P. Hardie and M. Whitby (eds), Homo Viator: Classical Essays for John Bramble, 1987, PA3003.H6

A.Wallace-Hadrill, "Rome's Cultural Revolution", JRS 79 (1989) 157-164

A. Wallace-Hadrill, 'The Roman Revolution and material culture', in A. Giovannini (ed.), La révolution romaine après Ronald Syme: bilans et perspectives : sept exposés suivis de discussions, 2000,283-313 DG278.3.R3

S.Walker & A.Burnett, The Image of Augustus, 1981, DG279.W2

S.Weinstock, "Pax and the Ara Pacis", JRS 50 (1960) 44-58

G.Williams, "Poetry in the moral climate of Augustan Rome", JRS 52 28-46

P.Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, 1988, N5763.Z2

I. Cultural Developments: Italy and the Empire

M. Boatwright, Hadrian & the City of Rome, 1987, DG295.B6

M. Boatwright, Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire, 2000, DG295.B6

G. Bowersock, Greek sophists in the Roman Empire, 1969, B228.B6

P. A. Brunt, 'The Romanisation of the local ruling classes in the Roman Empire', in Brunt, Roman Imperial Themes, 1990, 267-81

A. Claridge, "Hadrian’s column of Trajan", JRA 6 (1993) 5-22

M. H. Crawford, 'Italy and Rome from Sulla to Augustus', in The Cambridge Ancient History 10, 2nd ed., 1996, 414-433

S. Dyson, Community & Society in Roman Italy, 1992, DG78.D9

S. Goldhill (ed.), Being Greek under Rome: cultural identity, the Second Sophistic, and the development of empire, 2001, DG78.B3

M. Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations, 2007 [on order]

N. Hannestad, Roman Art & Imperial Policy, 1986, N5763.H2

K. Lomas, T.J. Cornell (eds), Bread and Circuses: euergetism and municipal patronage in Roman Italy, 2003 JC89.B7

R. MacMullen, Romanization in the Time of Augustus, 2000, DG272.M2

D. J. Mattingly (ed.), Dialogues in Roman Imperialism, 1997, DG87.D4

F. Millar, "The world of the Golden Ass", JRS 71 (1981) 63-75

J.R. Patterson, Landscapes and Cities: rural settlement and civic transformation in early imperial Italy, 2006 HT114.P2

T.W. Potter, Roman Italy DG77.P6

E. T. Salmon, The Making of Roman Italy, 1982, ch.7 DG221.S2

S. Swain, Hellenism and empire: language, classicism, and power in the Greek world, AD 50-250, 1996, PA3081.S9

G. Woolf, Becoming Roman: the origins of provincial civilization in Gaul, 1998,DC62.A3.W6

G. Woolf, Tales of the Barbarians: Ethnography and Empire in the Roman West, 2011 ON ORDER

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If you use information from Web sites in your essays, you must use it critically, refer to it, and include the address (and date of access) in your bibliography in the same way as you do other modern works.


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