HS3102: Introduction to Roman History

School Ancient History
Department Code SHARE
Module Code HS3102
External Subject Code V110
Number of Credits 20
Level L4
Language of Delivery English
Module Leader Professor Kate Gilliver
Semester Double Semester
Academic Year 2013/4

Outline Description of Module

The Romans had a profound influence on the political and cultural history of the Mediterranean lands, particularly Europe. The languages, architectural styles, religions, legal and political institutions of many countries are based on or influenced by Roman precursors. This double module provides an introduction to Roman History and society, paying particular attention to the Republic and the transformation of the state to monarchy under Augustus, and the later Roman Empire, the adoption of Christianity and the creation of the institutions of early Medieval Europe. Throughout the year, the course will focus on social and cultural values as well as political and military events, with detailed reference to contemporary historical sources such as poetry, history, letters and legal texts, and key architectural and artistic works. METHODS OF TEACHING: Approximately 20 hours of lectures and 4 hours of seminars. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT: For Study Abroad and Erasmus students, coursework (100%).

On completion of the module a student should be able to

On successful completion of the module, the student will demonstrate:

·      A knowledge of two crucial periods of Roman history, the transition from the Roman Republic to the Principate and the later Roman empire.

·      An ability to analyse the historical sources for the periods, such as Cicero, and other literary, documentary and visual material.

·      An awareness of modern interpretations of the periods, and an ability to develop their own ideas.

How the module will be delivered

This module will be taught by a series of lectures and supporting seminars

Skills that will be practised and developed

On successful completion of the module, the student will demonstrate:

·      A knowledge of two crucial periods of Roman history, the transition from the Roman Republic to the Principate and the later Roman empire.

·      An ability to analyse the historical sources for the periods, such as Cicero, and other literary, documentary and visual material.

·      An awareness of modern interpretations of the periods, and an ability to develop their own ideas.

How the module will be assessed

One essay (35% of the marks); one group presentation (15% of the marks)

One 2 hour exam (50% of the marks)

Assessment Breakdown

Type % Title Duration(hrs)
Written Assessment 35 Introduction To Roman History N/A
Presentation 15 Introduction To Roman History N/A
Exam - Spring Semester 50 Introduction To Roman History 2

Syllabus content

The development and nature of the Roman political institutions and system at the time of Caesar and Cicero; the roles of Senate, magistrates and popular assemblies, and the relative importance of client and friendship networks and discussion of issues in the functioning of politics.  The chief reasons for the collapse of the Republic. The main features of economic, social and intellectual life in republican Rome; slavery, gender relations, and attitudes to marriage and sex. Augustus' creation of a new political system (the Principate), and his transformations and reforms in the city of Rome, in religion, and in social and moral life.  The crisis of the empire in the third century AD, and Diocletian’s military and administrative reforms.  The succession of Constantine, his conversion to Christianity, and foundation of Constantinople; the main effects of Christianising on the religious and administrative life of the Empire. Julian's attempt to restore toleration for paganism, and the final victory of Christianity.  Iconography and imperial ideology.

Essential Reading and Resource List

ROMAN HISTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY

A copy of most of these books can be found in the Short Loan Section of the library behind the main issue desk; copies of many are also available in the Sheila White Ancient History Library in room 4.09. Further bibliographies may be issued by the Tutors in due course.

Source Book

A Source Book for this course will be available as a pdf document on Learning Central.

Text to acquire

Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, translated by Catharine Edwards, Oxford World Classics

Reference

Hornblower, S. and A. Spawforth (1996, 3rd edition), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford [DE5 09].

1. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

1.1 Source-Books

Dillon, M. and L. Garland (2005), Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar, London [DG77.D4].

Gardner, J.F. and T.Wiedemann (1991), The Roman Household, London [HQ 511 S6].

Lefkowitz, M. and M. Fant (2005, 3rd edition), Women’s Life in Greece and Rome, London [DF 93 L3].

Lewis, N. and M. Reinhold (1951/1990), Roman Civilization Vol. I (Republic), New York [DG 77 R6N].

Sabben-Clare, J. (1971), Caesar and Roman Politics, 60–50, Bristol [DG 262 S2].

Shelton, J.-O. (1998, second edition), As the Romans Did, New York [DG 78.S4].

Wiedemann, T. (1981), Greek and Roman Slavery, London [HF 863 G7].

1.2 General Introductions and Short Histories

CambridgeAncient History, 2nd ed., Vol. IX: (1994) [D57 C2].

Alfoldy, G. (1985), The Social History of Rome, London [HN 10 R7 A5].

Beard, M. and M. Crawford (1999, 2nd edition), Romein the late Republic, London [DG 254 B3].

Boardman, J, J. Griffith and O. Murray (eds.) (1991), The Oxford History of the Roman World, Oxford [DG231.09].

Bringmann, K. (2007), A History of the Roman Republic, Cambridge [DG231.B7].

Brunt, P.A. (1971), Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic, London [DG 231 3 B7].

Cornell, T.J. and J. Matthews (1982), Atlas of the Roman World, Oxford [Folio DG210.C6].

Crawford, M. (1992, 2nd edition), The Roman Republic, London [DG 231 C7].

Flower, H.I. (ed.) (2004), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge [DG235.C2].

Jones, P. and K. Sidwell (1997), The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture, Cambridge [DG77.W6].

Rosenstein, N. and R. Morstein-Marx (2006), A Companion to the Roman Republic, Malden [DG235.C6].

Patterson, J.R. (2000), Political Life in the City of Rome, Bristol [DG 254 S2].

Scullard, H.H. (1982, 5th edition), From the Gracchi to Nero, London [DG254.S2].

1.3 The Early and Mid Republic

Cornell, T.J. (1995), The Beginnings of Rome, London [DG221.C6].

Eckstein, A.M. (1987), Senate and General: Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations 264–194 BC, Berkeley [DG241.2.E2].

Forsythe, G. (2006), A Critical History of Early Rome, Berkeley [DG209.F6].

Goldsworthy, A. (2000), The Punic Wars, London [DG242.G6].

Lancel, S. (1995, trans. A. Nevill), Carthage: A History, Oxford [DT168.L2].

Palmer, R. (1997), Romeand Carthage at Peace, Stuttgart [DG215.C2.P2].

Raaflaub, K.A. (ed.) (2005, revised edition), Social Struggles in Archaic Rome, Oxford [DG83.3.S6].

Rosenstein, N. (2004), Romeat War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic, Chapel Hill [DE61.W35.R6].

Ross Holloway, R. (2004), The Archaeology of Early Rome and Latium, London and New York [DG63.H6].

Salmon, E.T. (1967), Samniumand the Samnites, Cambridge [DG55.S18.S2].

Scullard, H.H. (1970), Scipio Africanus, Soldier and Politician, London [DG 253 S2].

Walbank, F.W., A.E. Astin, M.W. Frederiksen, R.M. Ogilvie (eds.) (1989, 2nd  edition), The Cambridge Ancient History 7.2. The Rise of Rome to 220 BC, Cambridge[D57.C2].

Wiseman, T.P. (1995), Remus: A Roman Myth, Cambridge [BL805.W4].

Wiseman, T.P. (2004), The Myths of Rome, Exeter [BL802.W4].

1.4 The Fall of the Republic

Brunt, P.A. (1966), ‘The Roman Mob’, Past & Present 35, 89ff. Also in Finley (ed.), Studies in Ancient Society 74ff. [DE 71 F4].

Brunt, P.A. (1989), Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays, Oxford [DG 254 B7].

Finley, M.I. (1983), Politics in the Ancient World, Cambridge [JC 11 F4].

Hopkins, K. (1983), Death and Renewal, Cambridge [HN 10 R7 H6].

Lintott, A.W. (1968), Violence in Republican Rome, Oxford [DG 231 3 H2].

Millar, F. (1998), The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic, Ann Arbor [DG254.2.M4].

Morstein-Marx, R. (2004), Mass oratory and Political Power in the late Roman Republic, Cambridge [PA6083.M6].

Nippel, W. (1995), Public Order in Ancient Rome, Cambridge [DG 82 N4].

North, J.A. (1990), ‘Democratic Politics in Republican Rome’, Past and Present 126, 3–21, Per CB/Pa.

Raaflaub, K. and M. Toher (eds.) (1990), Between Republic and Empire, Berkeley [DG 279 B3].

Ross Taylor, L. (1951), Party Politics in the Age of Caesar, Berkeley [JC 88 T2].

Syme, R. (1939), The Roman Revolution, Oxford [DG 254 S9].

Seager, R. (ed.) (1969), Crisis of the Roman Republic, Cambridge: articles by Brunt and Yavetx [DG 254 S2].

Shotter, D.C.A. (2005, 2nd edition), The Fall of the Roman Republic, London and New York [DG254.S4].

Wiedemann, T. (1994), Ciceroand the End of the Roman Republic, London [DG254.W4].

Yacobson, A. (1999), Elections and Electioneering in Rome, Stuttgart [JC 85.E4.Y2].

1.5 The Empire, Imperialism and the Army

Badian, E. (1967), Roman Imperialism in the late Republic, Pretoria [DG 254 2 B2].

Goldsworthy, A. (2003), The Complete Roman Army, London [Lifelong Learning 355.00937 G].

Harris, W.V. (1979), War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 320-70 BC, Oxford [DG 89 H2].

Keppie, L. (1984), The Making of the Roman Army, London [DG 89 K3].

Lintott, A.W. (1993), Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration, London and New York [DG 241 L4].

Salmon, E.T. (1982), The Making of Roman Italy, London [DG 221 S2].

1.6 Treatments of the leading figures of the late Republic

Gelzer, M. (1968), Caesar, Politician and Statesman, Oxford [DG 261 G3].

Greenhalgh, P. (1980), Pompey, the Roman Alexander, London [DG 258 G7].

Greenhalgh, P. (1981), Pompey, the Republican Prince, London [DG 258 G7].

Rawson, E. (1975), Cicero: A Portrait, London [PA 6320 R2].

Seager, R. (1979), Pompey: a Political Biography, Oxford [DG 258 S3].

Stockton, D.L. (1971), Cicero: A Political Biography, London [DG 260 C5 S8].

2. THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE

2.1 Augustus and Julio-Claudian emperors

Alston, R. (1998), Aspects of Roman History, London and New York [DG276.A5].

Bowman, A.K., E. Champlin and A. Lintott (1996, second edition), CambridgeAncient History Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire: 43BC – AD69, Cambridge [D57.C2].

Earl, D.C. (1968), The Age of Augustus, London [FolDG279 E2].

Eck, W. (2003), The Age of Augustus, Malden, Mass. [DG279. E2].

Galinsky, K. (1996), Augustan Culture, Princeton [DG279.G2].

Garnsey, P. and R. Saller (1987), The Roman Empire, London [DG78 G2].

Goodman, M. (1997), The Roman World 44 BC – AD 180, London and New York [DG254.G6].

Jones, A.H.M. (1970), Augustus, New York and London [DG279 J6].

Millar, F. and E. Segal (eds.) (1984), Caesar Augustus, Seven Aspects, Oxford [DG279 C2].

Millar, F. (1981, 2nd edition), The Roman Empire and its Neighbours, London [DG272 M4].

Potter, D. (ed.) (2006), A Companion to the Roman Empire, Malden, Mass. [DG311.C6].

Shotter, D.C.A. (2005, 2nd edition), Augustus Caesar, London [DG279 S4].

Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2003), Augustan Rome, London [DG279 W2].

Wells, C. (1984), The Roman Empire, Glasgow [DG209 W3].

Zanker, P. (1988), The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, Ann Arbor [N5763 Z2].

2.2 Writers under the Principate

Camps, W.A. (1969), An Introduction to Virgil’s Aeneid, Oxford [PA6825 A5 C2].

Griffin, J. (1987), Virgil, Oxford [PA6825 G7].

Griffin, J. (1985), Latin Poets and Roman Life, London [PA6825 G7].

Powell, A. (ed.) (1992), Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the age of Augustus, London [PA6047 R6].

Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1995, 2nd edition), Suetonius, London [DG278.W2].

Williams, R.D. (1985), The Aeneid of Virgil: a Companion to the translation of C. Day Lewis, Bristol [PA6825 W4].

3.ROMAN LIFE AND SOCIETY

3.1 Economic Life and Slavery

Bradley, K.R. (1984), Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire, New York and Oxford [HT 863 B7].

Bradley, K.R. (1989), Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, Batsford [HT863.B7].

Bradley, K.R. (1994), Slavery and Society at Rome, Cambridge [HT 863 B7].

Finley, M.I. (1998, expanded edition), Ancient Slavery and Ideology, Princeton [HT 863 F4].

Finley, M.I. (1999, updated edition), The Ancient Economy, Berkeley [HC31.F4].

Forrest, W.G. and T. Stinton (1962), ‘The First Sicilian Slave War’, Past and Present 22, 87ff [http://www.jstor.org/stable/650133].

Green, P. (1961), ‘The first Sicilian Slave War’, Past and Present 20, 10-29 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/649941].

Hopkins, K. (1978), Conquerors and Slaves, Cambridge [DG 272 H6].

Shaw B.D. (2001), Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave [DG258.5.S7].

Treggiari, S. (2000), Roman Freedmen in the Late Republic, Oxford [DG 83 3 T7].

Urbainczyk, T. (2004), Spartacus, Bristol [DG258.5.U7].

White, K.D. (1970), Roman Farming, London [DG 105 W4].

3.2 Women, the Family, Sex and Love

Bradley, K.R. (1991), Discovering the Roman Family, New York and Oxford [HQ 511 B7].

D’Ambra, E. (2007), Roman Women, Cambridge and New York [HQ1136.D2].

Dixon, S. (1992), The Roman Family, Baltimore [HQ 511 D4].

Evans, J.K. (1991), War, Women and children in Ancient Rome, London [HQ 1136 E9].

Gardner, J.F. (1987), Women in Roman Law and Society, London [HQ 1136 G2].

Pomeroy, S.B. (1975) Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves, New York, Chs. 8–10 [HQ 1134 P6].

Rawson, B. (ed.) (1986), The Family in Ancient Rome, London [HQ 511 F2].

Rawson, B. (1991), Marriage, Divorce and children in Rome, Oxford [HQ 511 S2].

Rawson, B. and P. Weaver (eds.), The Roman Family in Italy, Canberra [HQ511.R6].

3.3 Social and Intellectual Life

Balsdon, J.P.V.D. (1969), Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome, London [DG 90 B2].

Bonner, S.F. (1977), Education in Ancient Rome, London [DG 93 B6].

Harris, W.V. (1989), Ancient Literacy, Cambridge, Mass. [DE 71 H2].

Hopkins, K. (1983), Death and Renewal, Cambridge, the essays on gladiators and death [HN 10 R7 H6].

Lyne, R.O.A.M. (1980), The Latin Love Poets, Oxford [PA 6059 L6 L9].

Macmullen, R. (1974), Roman Social Relations, New Haven [DG 78 M2].

Rawson, E. (1986), Intellectual Life in the late Roman Republic, London [DG 254 2 R2].

Wardman, A. (1976), Rome’s Debt to Greece, London [DG 78 W2].

Wiseman, T.P. (1985), Catullus and his World, Cambridge [PA 6276 W4].

Wiseman, T.P. (1987), Roman Studies, Liverpool [DG 78 W4].

3.4 Religion

Beard, M., J.A. North, and S. Price (1998), Religions of Rome, Cambridge [BL802.B3].

Dowden, K. (1992), Religion and the Romans, London [BL 801 D6].

Liebeschutz, J.H.W.G. (1980), Continuity and Change in Roman Religion,. Oxford [BL 802 L4].

North, J.A. (1976), ‘Conservatism and Change in Roman Religion’, Papers of the British School at Rome 44, 1ff.

North, J.A. (2000), Roman Religion, Oxford [BL802.N6].

Scheid, J. (2003), An Introduction to Roman Religion [BL801.S2].

Scullard, H.S. (1976), Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic, London [DG 125 S2].

Sardman, A. (1982), Religion and Statecraft among the Romans, London [DG 109 W2].

3.5 City life and entertainments

Connolly, P. and H. Dodge (1998), The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens and Rome, Oxford [Folio DE60.C6].

Cooley, A. (2003), Pompeii, London [DG70.P7.C6].

Coulston, J. and H. Dodge (eds.) (2000), Ancient Rome: The Archaeology of the Eternal City, Oxford [DG63.A6].

Dilke, O. (1975), The Ancient Romans: How they Lived and Worked, Newton Abbot [DG30.D4].

Kyle, D.G. (1998), Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome, London and New York [DG95.K9].

Ling, R. (2005), Pompeii: History, Life and Afterlife, Stroud [DG70.P7.L4].

Potter, D.S. and D.J. Mattingly (eds.) (1999), Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire, Ann Arbor [DG272.L4].

Robinson, O.F. (1992), Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration, London [DG83.R6].

Toner, J.P. (1995), Leisure and Ancient Rome, Cambridge [DG78.T6].

Whittaker, C.R. (1993), ‘The Poor in the City of Rome’, in C.R. Whittaker (ed.) Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire, Aldershot [HC39.W4].

Wiedemann, T. (1992), Emperors and Gladiators, London [DG95.W3].

4.THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE

4.1 General surveys and guides

Bowersock, G.W., P. Brown, and O. Grabar (eds.) (1999),Late Antiquity:  A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge, Mass. [DE92.L2H.].

Brown, P. (1971), The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750, London [DE92.B7].

Cambridge Ancient Historyvol. 12, second edition, The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337 (2005) [D57.C2].

CambridgeAncient Historyvol. 13, The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425 (1998) [D57.C2].

CambridgeAncient Historyvol. 14, Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600 (2000) [D57.C2].

Cameron, A. (1993), The Later Roman Empire, London [DG311 C2].

Cameron, A. (1993), The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, London [DE71 C2].

Garnsey, P. and C. Humfress (2001), The Evolution of the Late Antique World, Cambridge [DG272.G2].

Harries, J. (2012) Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: The New Empire [on order]

Jones, A.H.M. (1964), The Later Roman Empire, Oxford [DG 311.J6].

Jones, A.H.M. (1966), The Decline of the Ancient World, London [DG311 C2].

Maas, M. (2000), Readingsin Late Antiquity. A Sourcebook, London [DG78.M2].

Matthews, J. (1989), The Roman Empire of Ammianus, London [DG311.M2].

Mitchell, S. (2007), A History of the Later Roman Empire AD 284–641, Malden, Mass. [DG311.M5].

Potter, D.S. (2004), The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395, London [DG311.P6].

Rohrbacher, D. (2002), The Historians of Late Antiquity, London [PA6083.R3].

Southern, P. (2001), The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, London [DG298.S6].

Swain, S. and M. Edwards (eds.) (2004), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire, Oxford [DG311.A7].

4.2 Key sources

Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire, Penguin; Loeb if you want to read the whole thing, or more of it (and it’s definitely worth the effort), [PA6156.A5.A6].

Ambrose, Political Letters and Speeches, tr. J.H.W.G Liebeschuetz (2005), [BR1720.A5.A6].

Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus, tr. H.W. Bird (up to AD 360), [PA6966.A4.B4].

Eusebius, Life of Constantine, tr. A. Cameron and S.G. Hall (1999), [DG315.E8]; Ecclesiastical History (tr. 1926) [PA3612.E8], (tr. 1989) [BR160.E5].

Eutropius, Breviarium, tr. H.W. Bird (up to AD 364), [PA6384.B4].

Julian, Works, tr. W.C. Wright, Loeb, 3 vols, [PA3612.J8].

Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum, ed. tr. J.L. Creed, [BT1116.L3.D3].

Libanius, Selected Works, Loeb, 2 vols, [PA3612.L4]; Autobiography, Loeb, 2 vols, [PA3612.L4].

Panegyrici Latini, tr. C.E.V. Nixon and B.A. Rodgers, In Praise of Later Roman Emperors. The Panegyrici Latini (1994), [PA6166.P2].

Sidonius Apollinaris, Works, Loeb, 2 vols, [PA6156.A5.S4].

Symmachus, Relationes, tr. R.H. Barrow (1973), [PA6704.S7]; Letters, French tr. J.-P. Callu, 3 vols, [PA6169.A1.B8.S9].

Theodosian Code, tr. C. Pharr, Law Library [343.46T].

Zosimus, Historia Nova, tr. Ridley, [DG207.Z6]; French ed. tr. Paschoud, [PA3641.B8.Z6].

4.3 ‘Third-century crisis’ and Diocletian

Barnes, T.D. (1982), The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Cambridge, Mass. [DG313.B2].

Corcoran, S. (1996), The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Oxford [DG314.C6].

Hekster, O. (2008), Romeand its Empire, AD 193–284, Edinburgh [DG270.H3].

Hopkins, K. (2008), Conquerors and Slaves, Cambridge (pp. 172–96 on eunuchs), [DG272.H6].

Hopkins, K. (1962), ‘Eunuchs in Politics in the Later Roman Empire’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 189, 62–80

MacMullen, R. (1976), Roman Government Response to Crisis a.d. 235–337, New Haven [DG305.M2].

Rees, R. (2004), Diocletian and the Tetrarchy, Edinburgh [DG313.R3].

Tougher, S. (2008), The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society, London and New York, esp. chap. 4 [HQ449.T6].

Williams, S. (1985), Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, London [DG313 W4].

4.4 Constantine the Great

Bardill, J (2012), Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age[Folio DG315.B2]

Barnes, T.D. (1981), Constantineand Eusebius, Cambridge, Mass. [DG 315.B2].

(2011), Constantine: Dynasty, Religion, and Power in the Later Roman Empire, DG315.B2

Baynes, N.H. (1972), Constantine the Great and the Christian Church, London [BR180 B2].

Bowder, D. (1978), The Age of Constantine and Julian, London [DG311 B6].

Drake, A. (2000), Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance, Baltimore [DG315.D7].

Jones, A.H.M. (1978), Constantineand the Conversion of Europe, Toronto [DG315 J6].

Lenski, N. (ed.) (2006), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine the Great, Cambridge [DG315.C2].

Lieu, S.N.C. and D. Montserrat (ed.) (1998), Constantine. History, Historiography and Legend, London DG315.C6.

MacMullen, R. (1970), Constantine, London [DG315 M2].

Odahl, C.M. (2004), Constantineand the Christian Empire, London [DG315.O3].

Pohlsander, H.A. (2004, 2nd edition), The Emperor Constantine, London and New York [DG315.P6].

Ross Holloway, R. (2004), Constantineand Rome, New Haven [NA5620.H6].

Stephenson, P. (2009), Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor, DG315.S8

Van Dam, R. (2007), The Roman Revolution of Constantine, New York[DG315.V2].

4.5 Constantinople

Dagron, G. (1984), Naissance d’une capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 à 451, Paris [DR729.D2].

Krautheimer, R. (1983), Three Christian Capitals [inc. Constantinople], Berkeley [DG62.5.K7].

Mango, C. (1993), Studies on Constantinople, Aldershot, esp. I [DR725.M2].

4.6 Julian the Apostate

Athanassiadi, P. (1992), Julian: An Intellectual Biography (1992) (repr. of Athanassiadi-Fowden, Julian and Hellenism, 1981) [DG317.A8].

Bowersock, G.W. (1978), Julian the Apostate, London [DG317 B6].

Browning, R. (1975), The Emperor Julian, London [DG317 B7].

Errington, R.M. (2006), Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius, Chapel Hill [DG319.E7].

Murdoch, A. (2003), The Last Pagan: Julian the Apostate, Stroud [DG317.M8].

Smith, R. (1995), Julian’s Gods, London and New York [DG317.S6].

Tougher, S. (2007), Julian the Apostate, Edinburgh [DG317.T6].

4.7 Pagans and Christians

Chadwick, H. (1967), The Early Church [BR165.C4].

Chitty, D.J. (1995), The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egyptian and Palestinian Monasticism under the Christian Empire, Crestwood [BR190.C4].

Clark, G. (2004), Christianity and Roman Society, Cambridge [BR170.C5].

Elm, S. (1994), ‘Virgins of God’: the Making of Asceticism in Late Antiquity, Oxford [BV5023.E5].

Frend, W.H.C. (1991, 3rd edition), The Early Church from the Beginnings to 461, London [BR162.2.F7].

Frend, W.H.C. (1984), The Rise of Christianity, London [BR162.2.F7].

Humphries, M. (2006), Early Christianity (2006), London [BR165.H8].

Hunt, E.D. (1982), Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire AD 312–460, Oxford [BX2323.H8].

Janes, D. (2002), Romans and Christians, Stroud [BR170.J2].

Lane Fox, R. (1986), Pagans and Christians [BR128.A2.L2].

Lee, A.D. (2000), Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity, New York [BR128.R7.L3].

McLynn, N. (1994), Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital, Berkeley [BR1720.A5.M2].

MacMullen, R. (1984), Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 , New Haven [BR170.M2].

MacMullen, R. (1997), Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, New Haven [BR170.M2].

Markus, R. (1974), Christianity in the Roman World, London [BR170.M2].

Markus, R. (1990), The End of Ancient Christianity, Cambridge [BR165.M2].

Momigliano, A. (ed.) (1963), The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, Oxford [DG312.M6].

Moorhead, J. (1999), Ambrose: Church and Society in the Late Roman World, Harlow [BR1720.A5.M6].

Rapp, C. (2005), Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition, Berkeley [BR166.R2].

Rousseau, P. (2002), The Early Christian Centuries, London [BR165.R6].

Salzman, M.R. (2002), The Making of a Christian Aristocracy, Cambridge, Mass. [BR195.C6.S2].

4.8 Women in the later Roman empire

Arjava, A. (1996), Women and Law in Late Antiquity, Oxford [HQ1136.A7].

Brown, P. (1989), The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity, New York [BT708.B7].

Clark, G. (1993), Women in Late Antiquity: Pagan and Christian Lifestyles, Oxford [HQ1127.C5].

Cooper, K. (1996), Virgin and the Bride: Idealized Womanhood in Late Antiquity, Cambridge, Mass. [PA6030.W7.C6].

Drijvers, J.W. (1992), Helena Augusta: The Mother of Constantine the Great and the Legend of the Finding of the True Cross, Leiden [BR1720.H3.D7].

Grubbs, J.E. (1995), Law and Family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantine’s Marriage Legislation, Oxford [HQ511.G7].

Holum, K.G. (1982), Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, Berkeley [DG322.H6].

James, L. (2001), Empresses and Power in Early Byzantium, London [DF556.J2].

4.9 ‘Barbarians’ and Romans

Blockley, R.C. (1992), East Roman Foreign Policy. Formation and Conduct from Diocletian to Anastasius, Leeds [DG312.B5].

Burns, T.S. (1994), Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: a Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca 375–425 AD, Bloomington [DG319.B8].

Clover, F.M. (1993), The Late Roman West and the Vandals, Aldershot [DG312.C5].

Dignas, B. (2007), Romeand Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals, Cambridge [DG312.W4].

Drinkwater, J.F. (2007), The Alamanni and Rome 213–496 (Caracalla to Clovis), Oxford [DG298.D7].

Goffart, W.A. (1980), Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584: the Techniques of Accommodation, Princeton [DG319.G6].

Halsall, G. (2007), Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568, Cambridge [D135.H2].

Heather, P. (1991), Goths and Romans, Oxford [D137.H3].

Heather, P. (1995), ‘The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe’, English Historical Review 110, 4–41.

Heather, P. (1996), The Goths, Oxford [D137.H3].

Heather, P. (1999), ‘The Barbarian in Late Antiquity: Image, Reality and Transformation’, in R. Miles (ed.), Constructing Identities in Late Antiquity, London and New York, 234–258 [DG78.C6].

Heather, P. and J. Matthews (1991), The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool [D137.H3].

Kulikowski, M. (2007), Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric, Cambridge [DG312.K8].

Merrills, A.H. (ed.) (2004), Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, Aldershot [DT198.V2].

Pohl, W. (ed.) (1997), Kingdoms of the Empire: the Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity, Leiden [DG312.K4].

Thompson, E.A. (1948), A History of Attila and the Huns, Oxford [D141.T4].

Thompson, E.A. (1982), Romans and Barbarians: the Decline of the Western Empire, Madison, Wis. [DG311.T4].

Wolfram, H. (tr. 1997), The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples, Berkeley [DG312.W6].

4.10 The later Roman army

Elton, H. (1996), Warfare in Roman Europe, AD350–425, Oxford [DG59.A2.E5].

Lee, A.D. (2007), War in Late Antiquity: A Social History, Malden, MA [DG89.L3].

Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1993), ‘The End of the Roman Army in the Western Empire’, in J. Rich and G. Shipley (eds.), War and Society in the Roman World, London and New York, 265–276 [DE88.W2].

Nicasie, M.J. (1998), Twilight of Empire: the Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople, Amsterdam [DG89.N4].

Whitby, M. (2004), ‘Emperors and Armies, AD 235–395’, in S. Swain and M. Edwards (eds.), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire, Oxford, 156–185 [DG311.A7].

4.12 East and West; the Fall of the Roman Empire

Ferrill, A. (1983), The Fall of the Roman Empire: the Military Explanation, London [DG319.F3].

Harries, J. (1994), Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome, Oxford [DG3125S5.H2].

Heather, P. (2005), Fall of the Roman Empire, London [DG311.H3].

Lenski, N. (2002), Failure of Empire. Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D., Berkeley [DF559.L3].

Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (2000), The Decline and Fall of the Roman City, Oxford [HT114.L4].

Matthews, J. (1975), Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, AD 364–425, Oxford [DG325.M2].

Millar, F. (2006), A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450), Berkeley [DF562.M4].

Ward-Perkins, B. (2005), The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization, Oxford [DG311.W2].

Webster, L. and M. Brown (eds.) (1997), The Transformation of the Roman World AD 400–900, Leiden [DG312.T7].

Williams, S. and G. Friell (1994), Theodosius. The Empire at Bay, London [DG330.W4].

Williams, S. and G. Friell (1999), The Rome that did not Fall: the Survival of the East in the Fifth Century AD, London and New York [DF555.W4].


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