HS2424: Neolithic Beginnings: Last Foragers and First Farmers in the Eastern Mediterranean

School Archaeology
Department Code SHARE
Module Code HS2424
External Subject Code V400
Number of Credits 20
Level L6
Language of Delivery English
Module Leader Dr Dusan Boric
Semester Spring Semester
Academic Year 2014/5

Outline Description of Module

One of the most fundamental and long-lasting changes in the human history took place from around 13,000 to 6000 BC and is known as the transformation from foraging to farming. This period saw changes that go beyond economy and mode of production and are widely referred to as the creation of the Neolithic way of life, with major restructuring of social, ideological and religious basis of communities caught in the process. The eastern Mediterranean, including southeast Europe, represents the core area of such transformation processes, with a very long research history and incredibly rich corpus of data collected and processed to-date. At the same time, this is an active field of research that is daily increasing available data sets, with armies of researchers involved, and through some of the largest and, also, methodologically and theoretically most sophisticated archaeological projects of the present-day.

On completion of the module a student should be able to

• Understand the development of Epipalaeolithic/Mesolithic and first Neolithic communities across the eastern Mediterranean

• Relate particular kinds of research to their intellectual tradition

• Know a series of regional case studies

How the module will be delivered

10 2-hour lectures and 2 seminars. Lectures will present primary material, investigate themes, introduce case studies, and reveal processes involved in the emergence of the Neolithic across the eastern Mediterranean. Attendance at lectures is mandatory, in accordance with practice and regulations set out in the Student Handbook. Seminars will give students an opportunity to investigate particular problems, while mandatory class participation will familiarise students with sites, regions and problems and develop research and presentation skills. Class presentations are part of the assessment.

Skills that will be practised and developed

Intellectual Skills:

• Evaluate evidence of varying quality and source

• Correlate evidence from different regional case studies that relates to wider problems

• Synthesise evidence from different areas and phases

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

• Know particular classes of evidence

• Understand methodologies involved in research of particular problems

• Understand particular regional case studies

• Understand particular regional research traditions

Transferable Skills:

• Write effectively about research problems

• Talk effectively about research problems

• Present effectively a research problem and a case study

How the module will be assessed

One essay (40%), class presentations (20%) and one 1-hour examination (40%).

The essay (c.2000 words) will be based on wide reading and requires the student to engage with a particular problem or theme. Mandatory class presentations will familiarise the student with a particular case study and/or archaeological site.

Assessment Breakdown

Type % Title Duration(hrs)
Written Assessment 40 Essay N/A
Written Assessment 20 Class Presentations N/A
Exam - Spring Semester 40 Neolithic Beginnings: Last Foragers And First Farmers In The Eastern Mediterranean 1

Syllabus content

This module starts by looking at the Epipalaeolithic communities in the Near East in the final millennia of the Late Glacial period, continuing through the flourishing and expansion of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic groups in the Levant and Anatolia to their further west-ward spread into western Anatolia and southeast Europe, especially looking at local adaptations and cultural hybridity of Mesolithic and Neolithic identities in the Balkans. Through this module, we will examine in detail some of the most fascinating sites of World Prehistory, such as Eynan/‘Ain Mallaha

Essential Reading and Resource List

Bar-Yosef, O. and F.R. Valla (eds.) 1991. The Natufian culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor:International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 1.

Barker, G. 2006. The agricultural revolution in prehi story: Why did foragers become farmers?Oxford: Oxford University Press. GN799.A4.B2

Cauvin, J. 2000. The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN776.32.N4.C2

Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11(1) (2001): 105-121, “Review Feature: The Birth of the Gods and the origins of Agriculture”, with contributions by J. Cauvin, I. Hodder, G. O Rollefson, O. Bar-Yosef and T. Watkins.

Gamble, C. 2007. Origins and revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN281.G2

Hodder, I. 2006. Çatalhöyük, the leopard’s tale: Revealing the mysteries of Turkey’s ancient ’town’. London: Thames and Hudson. GN776.32.T8.H6

Kuijt, I. (ed.) 2000. Life in Neolithic farming communities: Social organization, identity, and differentiation. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. GN776.32.M628.L4

Lewis-Williams, D. and D. Pearce, 2005. Inside the Neolithic mind. London: Thames and Hudson. 930.14 L

Lichter, C. (ed.) 2005. How did farming reach Europe?: Anatolian-European relations from the second half of the 7th through the first half of the 6th millennium cal BC (Proceedings of the international workshop, Istanbul, 20th-22nd May 2004). Istanbul: BYZAZ 2, Ege YayinlariGN799.A4.H6

*Lichter, C. (ed.) 2007. Vor 12000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit (Gebundene Ausgabe). Karlsruhe: Theiss.

Özdoğan, M. and N. Başgelen (eds.) 1999. Neolithic in Turkey: The cradle of the civilization. Istanbul: Arkeoloji Ve Sanat Yayinlari.

Perlès, C. 2001. The Early Neolithic in Greece. The first farming communities in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN776.22.G8.P3

Simmons, A.H. 2007. The Neolithic revolution in the Near East: Transforming the human landscape. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. GN776.32.N4.S4

Watkins, T. 2005. From foragers to complex societies in southwest Asia. In C. Scarre (ed.) The human past: pp. 200-233. London: Thames and Hudson.

Whittle, A. 1996. Europe in the Neolithic: The creation of new worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN776.2.A1.W4

Background Reading and Resource List

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Listed references are a basic guide through very rich scholarship that should give you a good coverage of many aspects of archaeological evidence from the Epipalaeolithic/Mesolithic and Neolithic of the Eastern Mediterranean. You are not expected to read everything but you can choose to do so! Further reading guides can be found in the works below (especially older references) but please consult with me for guidance. References in German and French can be consulted for maps, plans and illustrations even if you do not read those languages.

* – available as photocopies or .pdfs which I can provide on request

** – not yet available in the library but ordered

Specialised regional on-line journals:

Paléorient (up to 2005): http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/revue/paleo

Tuba-AR (1998-2007): http://www.tuba.gov.tr/anasayfa/en/makale-83-TUBA-Journals

Ammerman, A.J. and P. Biagi (eds.) 2003. The widening harvest: The Neolithic transition in Europe—looking back, looking forward. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America. GN776.2.A1.W4

Andreou, S., M. Fotiadis and K. Kotsakis, 1996. Review of Aegean prehistory V: the Neolithic and Bronze Age of northern Greece. American Journal of Archaeology 100: 537-597.

Arsebük, G., M.J. Mellink and W. Schirmer (eds.) 1998. Light on the top of the black hill: Studies presented to Halet Çambel. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari. Folio DR431.L4

Asouti, E. 2006. Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction sphere. Journal of World Prehistory 20: 87-126.

Aurenche, O., P. Galet, E. Régagnon-Caroline and J. Évin, 2001. Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic cultures in the Middle East: the birth of agriculture, livestock raising and ceramics, a calibrated 14C chronology. Radiocarbon 43(3): 1191-1202.

**Aurenche, O. and S.K. Kozlowski, 1999. La Naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient. Paris: Errance.

Bailey, G. and P. Spikins (eds.) 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN774.2.A1.M3

*Baird, D.J. 2002. Early Holocene settlement in central Anatolia: Problems and prospects as seen from the Konya Plain. In F. Gérard and L. Thissen (eds.) The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th–6th millennia cal. BC.

Proceedings of the International CANeW Round Table, Istanbul 23–24 November 2001. Istanbul: Yayınları.

*Baird, D.J. 2007a. Pınarbaşı. In C. Lichter (ed.) Vor 12000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit (Gebundene Ausgabe): p. 123. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.

**Baird, D. 2007b. Pınarbaşı: From Epipalaeolithic camp site to sedentarising village in central

Anatolia. In M. Özdoğan and N. Başgelen (eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Discoveries: pp. 285–311. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Snatat Yayinlari.

Barker, G. 2006. The agricultural revolution in prehistory: Why did foragers become farmers? Oxford: Oxford University Press. GN799.A4.B2

Bar-Yosef, O., 1998. The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture. Evolutionary Anthropology 6(5): 159-177.

Bar-Yosef, O. 1991. The archaeology of the Natufian layer at Hayonim Cave. In O. Bar-Yosef and F. R. Valla (eds.) The Natufian Culture in the Levant: pp. 81-92. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 1. Folio GN774.3.N38.N2

Bar-Yosef, O. and D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer. 2002. Early Neolithic tribes in the LevantIn W.A. Parkinson (ed.) The Archaeology of Tribal Societies: pp. 340-371. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor.

Bar-Yosef, O. and R.H. Meadow, 1995. The origins of agriculture in the Near East. In T.D. Price and A.B. Gebauer (eds.), Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture: pp. 39–94. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

Bar-Yosef, O. and F.R. Valla (eds.) 1991. The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 1. Folio GN774.3.N38.N2

*Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer-Cohen, 1989. The Levantine “PPNB” interaction sphere. In I. Hershkovitz (ed.) People and Culture in Change: pp. 59-72. Oxford: BAR International Series 508. 13

*Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Belfer-Cohen, 2010. The Levantine Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic. In E.A.A. Garcea (ed.) South-eastern Mediterranean peoples between 130,000 and 10,000 years ago: pp. 144-167. Oxford: Oxbow.

Bar-Yosef, O., A. Gopher, E. Tchernov and M.E. Kislev, 1991. Netiv Hagdud: An Early Neolithic village site in the Jordan Valley. Journal of Field Archaeology 18: 405-424.

Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Gopher (eds.) 1997. Early Neolithic village in the Jordan Valley: The Archaeology of Netiv Hagdud. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. GN774.3.N38.E2

Bailey, D.W. 2000. Balkan prehistory: Exclusion, incorporation and identity. London: Routledge. GN845.B2.B2

*Belfer-Cohen, A. 1988. The Natufian graveyard in Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 14(2): 297-308.

Belfer-Cohen, A. 1995. Rethinking social stratification in the Natufian culture: The evidence from burials. In S. Campbell and A. Green (eds.) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East: pp. 9-16. Oxford: Oxbow Monographs 51. Folio GT3170.A7

Belfer-Cohen, A. and N. Goring-Morris, 2007. From the beginning: Levantine Palaeolithic cultural change and continuity. In P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.) Rethinking the human revolution: New behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin and dispersal of modern humans: pp. 199-205. Cambridge: McDonald Institute monographs. Folio GN281.R3

*Belfer-Cohen, A. and N. Goring-Morris, 2010. The initial Neolithic in the Near East: Why it is difficult to deal with the PPNA… Journal of The Israel Prehistoric Society 40: 1-18.

*Biagi, P. and E. Starnini. 1999. Some aspects of the neolithization of the Adriatic region. Atti della Societa per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia XI: 7-17.

*Biagi, P. and M. Spataro, 2001. Plotting the evidence: some aspects of the radiocarbon chronology of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Mediterranean Basin. Atti della Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia 12 (1999- 2000): 15-54.

Biçakçi, E. 1998. An essay on the chronology of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlements of the Taurus region (Turkey) with the building remains and 14C dates. In G. Arsebük, M. J.

Mellink and W. Schirmer (eds.) Light on the top of the black hill: Studies presented to Halet Çambel: pp. 137-150. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari. Folio DR431.L4

Binford, L.R. 1968. Post-Pleistocene adaptations. In L.R. Binford and S.R. Binford (eds.) New Perspectives in Archaeology: pp. 313-341. Chicago: Aldine. GN701.N3

Boehmer, R.M. and J. Maran (eds.), 2001. Lux orientis: Archäologie zwischen Asien und Europa: Festschrift für Harald Hauptmann zum 65. Geburtstag. Leidorf: Rahden/Westf.. Folio GN766.L8

Bogaard, A., M. Charles, K.C. Twiss, A. Fairbairn, N. Yalman, D. Filipovic, G. Arzu Demirergi, F. Ertu, N. Russell and J. Henecke, 2009. Private pantries and celebrated surplus: storing and sharing food at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia. Antiquity 83(321): 649-668.

Bonogofsky, M. (ed.) 2006. Skull collection, modification and decoration. Oxford: BAR International Series 1539. Folio GN72.S5

*Bonogofsky, M. 2001. Cranial modelling and Neolithic bone modification at ‘Ain Ghazal: New interpretations. Paléorient 27(2): 141-146.

Bonogofsky, M. 2006. Complexity in context: Plain, painted and modelled skulls from the Neolithic Middle East. In M. Bonogofsky (ed.) Skull collection, modification and decoration: pp. 15-28. Oxford: BAR International Series 1539. Folio GN72.S5

Bonsall, C. 2008. The Mesolithic of the Iron Gates. In G.N. Bailey and P. Spikins (eds.) Mesolithic Europe: pp. 238-279. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN774.2.A1.M3

Bonsall, C., I. Radovanović, M. Roksandić, G. Cook, T. Higham, C. Pickard, Dating burial practices and architecture at Lepenski Vir. In C. Bonsall, V. Boroneanţ and I. Radovanović (eds.) The Iron Gates in prehistory: New perspectives (BAR Int. Ser. 1893): pp. 175-204. Oxford: Archaeopress. Folio GN845.I7.I7

Borić, D. 2002. The Lepenski Vir conundrum: Reinterpretation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic sequences in the Danube Gorges. Antiquity 76: 1026-1039.

Borić, D. 2005a. Body metamorphosis and animality: Volatile bodies and boulder artworks from Lepenski Vir. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15(1): 35-69.

Borić, D. 2005b. Deconstructing essentialisms: Unsettling frontiers of the Mesolithic-Neolithic Balkans. In D. Bailey, A. Whitlle and V. Cummings (eds.) (Un)settling the Neolithic: pp. 16-31. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Folio GN776.2.A1.U6

*Borić, D. 2007a. The house between grand narratives and microhistories: A house society in the Balkans. In R. A. Beck, Jr. (ed.) The durable house: House society models in 14 archaeology. pp. 97-129. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 35. GN799.B8.D8

*Borić, D. 2007b. Mesolithic-Neolithic Interactions in the Danube Gorges. In J.K. Kozłowski and M. Nowak (eds.) Mesolithic-Neolithic Interactions in the Danube Basin: pp. 31-45.

British Archaeological Reports, Int. Ser 1726. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Borić, D. 2008. First households and ‘house societies’ in European Prehistory. In A. Jones (ed.) Prehistoric Europe: pp. 109-142. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. GN803.P7

Borić, D. 2010. Happy forgetting? Remembering and dismembering dead bodies at Vlasac. In D. Borić (ed.) Archaeology and Memory: pp. 48-67. Oxford: Oxbow. CC83.A7

*Borić, D. 2011. Adaptations and transformations of the Danube Gorges foragers (c. 13,000- 5500 cal. BC): An overview. In R. Krauß (ed.) Beginnings – New Research in the Appearance of the Neolithic between Northwest Anatolia and the Carpathian Basin: pp. 157–203. Rahden/Westf.: Verlag Marie Leidorf.

*Borić, D. 2013a. Theatre of predation: Beneath the skin of Göbekli Tepe images. In C. Watts (ed.) Relational Archaeologies: Humans, Animals, Things: pp. 42–64. London and New York: Routledge.

*Borić, D. 2013b. (in press) Mortuary practices, bodies and persons in the Neolithic and Early- Middle Copper Age of southeast Europe. In C. Fowler, J. Harding and D. Hofmann (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

*Borić, D. and V. Dimitrijević, 2005. Continuity of foraging strategies in Mesolithic-Neolithic transformations: Dating faunal patterns at Lepenski Vir (Serbia). Atti della Società per la Preistoria e Protostoria della regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia XV (2004-05): 33-107.

*Borić, D. and V. Dimitrijević, 2007. When did the ‘Neolithic package’ reach Lepenski Vir? Radiometric and faunal evidence. Documenta Praehistorica 34: 53-72.

*Borić, D. and V. Dimitrijević, 2009. Apsolutna hronologija i stratigrafija Lepenskog Vira (Absolute Chronology and Stratigraphy of Lepenski Vir). Starinar LVII (2007): 9-55.

*Borić, D., C.A.I. French and V. Dimitrijević, 2008. Vlasac revisited: Formation processes, stratigraphy and dating. Documenta Praehistorica 35: 293-320.

Borić, D. and P. Miracle, 2004. Mesolithic and Neolithic (dis)continuities in the Danube Gorges: New AMS dates from Padina and Hajdučka Vodenica (Serbia). Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23(4): 341-371.

*Borić, D. & T.D. Price, 2013. Strontium isotopes document greater human mobility at the start of Balkan Neolithic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

*Borić, D., J. Raičević and S. Stefanović, 2009. Mesolithic cremations as elements of secondary mortuary rites at Vlasac (Serbia). Documenta Praehistorica 36: 247-282.

Borić, D. and S. Stefanović, 2004. Birth and death: infant burials from Vlasac and Lepenski Vir. Antiquity 78(301): 526-546.

Boroneanţ, V. 1982. General survey of Epipalaeolithic (Mesolithic) research in Romania (1978- 1981). Mesolithic Miscellany 3(1): 11-12.

*Boroneanţ, V. 2001. Paleolithique superieur et epipaleolithique dans la zone des Portes de Fer. Bucureşti: Silex.

Bocquentin, F. 2007. A Final Natufian population: Health and burial status at Eynan-Mallaha. In M. Faerman, L.K. Horwitz, T. Khana and U. Zilberman (eds.) Faces from the past: Diachronic patterns in the biology of human populations from the Eastern Mediterranean. Papers in honour of Patricia Smith (BAR Int. Ser. 1603): pp. 66-81. Oxford: Archaeopress. Folio CC79.5.H8.F2

Bocquentin, F. and O. Bar-Yosef, 2004. Early Natufian remains: Evidence for physical conflict from Mount Carmel, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 47: 19-23.

Boyd, B. 1995. Houses and hearths, pits and burials: Natufian mortuary practices at Mallaha (Eynan), upper Jordan Valley. In S. Campbell and A. Green (eds.) The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East: pp. 17-23. Oxford: Oxbow Monographs 51. Folio GT3170.A7

Boyd, B. 2002. Ways of eating/ways of being in the Later Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant . In Y. Hamilakis, M. Pluciennik and S. Tarlow (eds.) Thinking through the body: Archaeologies of corporeality: pp. 137-152New York: Kluwer/Plenum. CC72.4.T4

Boyd, B. 2006. On “sedentism” in the Later Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant. World Archaeology 38(2): 164-178.

Braidwood, R. J. and B. Howe, 1960. Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 31. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Folio DS51.K7.B7

*Budja, M. 1999. The transition to farming in Mediterranean Europe – an indigenous response. Documenta Praehistorica 26: 119-141. 15

Byrd, B.F. 1989. The Natufian encampment at Beidha: Late Pleistocene adaptation in the Southern Levant. Folio DS154.9.B3.B9

Byrd, B.F. and C.M. Monahan, 1995. Death, mortuary ritual, and Natufian social structure. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 251-287.

Byrd, B.F. 2005. Early village life at Beidha, Jordan: Neolithic spatial organization and vernacular architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Folio DS154.9.B3.B9

*Byrd, B.F. and E.B. Banning, 1988. Southern Levantine pier houses: Intersite architectural patterning during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Paléorient 14(1): 65-72.

Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11(1) (2001): 105-121, “Review Feature: The Birth of the Gods and the origins of Agriculture”, with contributions by J. Cauvin, I. Hodder, G. O Rollefson, O. Bar-Yosef and T. Watkins.

Caneva, I. (ed.) 2001. Beyond Tools. Redefining the PPN lithic. Berlin: Ex oriente. Folio DS56.W6

Caneva, I., Lemorini, C. and Zampetti, D. 1998. Chipped stones at aceramic Çayönü: Technology, activities, traditions, innovations. In G. Arsebük, M. J. Mellink and W. Schirmer (eds.) Light on the top of the black hill: Studies presented to Halet Çambel: pp. 199-206. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari. Folio DR431.L4

Cauvin, J. 2000. The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN776.32.N4.C2

Cauvin, J., Aurenche, O., Cauvin, M. C. and Balkan-Atli, N. 1999. The Pre-Pottery site of Cafer Höyük. In M. Özdoğan and N. Başgelen (eds.) Neolithic in Turkey: The cradle of the civilization: pp. 87-103. Istanbul: Arkeoloji Ve Sanat Yayinlari

*Čečuk, B. and D. Radić, 2005. Vela Spila. Zagreb: Intergrafika.

Chapman, J.C. 1993. Social Power in the Iron Gates Mesolithic. In J. Chapman and P. Dolukhanov (eds.) Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe: pp. 71-121. Aldershot: Avebury. DR20.C8

Chapman, J.C. and J. Müller, 1990. Early farmers in the Mediterranean basin: the Dalmatian evidence. Antiquity 64: 127-134.

*Çilingiroğlu, Ç. 2005. The concept of the “Neolithic package”: Considering its meaning and applicability. Documenta Praehistorica 32: 1-13.

Çilingiroğlu, Ç. 2009. Of stamps, loom weights and spindle whorls: Contextual evidence on the function(s) of Neolithic stamps from Ulucak, İzmir, Turkey. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 22(1): 3-27.

*Çilingiroğlu, Ç. 2010. The appearance of impressed pottery in the Neolithic Aegean and its implications for maritime networks in the eastern Mediterranean. TÜBA-AR 13/2010: 9-22.

Colledge, S., J. Conolly and S. Shennan, 2005. The evolution of Neolithic farming from SW  Asian origins to NW European limits. European Journal of Archaeology 8: 137-156.

Cornwall, I.W. 1981. The Pre-Pottery Neolithic burials. In K.M. Kenyon, Excavations at Jericho: The architecture and stratigraphy of the tell (vol. 3): pp. 395-406. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Folio DS110.J3.K3

Cullen, T. 1995. Mesolithic mortuary ritual at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Antiquity 69(263): 270- 289.

Cutting, M.V. 2004. The Neolithic and early Chalcolithic farmers of central and southwest Anatolia: Household, community and the changing use of space (BAR S1435). Oxford: Archaeopress Folio GN776.32.T8.C8

Darlas, A. and Mihailović, D. (eds.) 2008. The Palaeolithic of the Balkans (BAR Int. Ser.). Oxford: Archaeopress. Folio GN772.22.B25.I6

Davis, M. 2008. Dame Kathleen Kenyon: Digging up the Holy Land. San Francisco: Left Coast Press. DS115.9.K3.D2

Delage, C. (ed.) 2004. The last hunter-gatherer societies in the Near East (BAR Int. Ser.). Oxford: John and Erica Hedges. Folio GN774.3.N38.L2

Dietrich, O., M. Heun, J. Notroff, K. Schmidt and M. Zarnkow, 2012. The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity 86: 674–695.

Düring, B. 2005. Building continuity in the central Anatolian Neolithic: Exploring the meaning of buildings at Aşıklı Höyük and Çatalhöyük. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18(1): 3-29.

Düring, B. 2011. The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. GN855.T83.D8

Edwards, P.C. 1989. Problems of Recognizing the Earliest Sedentism: the Natufian Example. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 2: 5-48. 16

Eshed, V., A. Gopher, E. Galili and I. Hershkovitz, 2004. Musculoskeletal stress markers in Natufian hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers in the Levant: The upper limb. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 123: 303-15.

Ehrich, R. W. and A. H. Bankoff, 1992. Geographical and chronological patterns in east central and southeastern Europe, in R. W. Ehrich (ed.) Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, vol. I-II, 375-392 (Vol. I), 341-363 (Vol. II). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. D54.5.E4

Esin, U. and S. Harmankaya, 1999. Aşıklı. In M. Özdoğan and N. Başgelen (eds.) Neolithic in Turkey: The cradle of the civilization: pp. 115-132. Istanbul: Arkeoloji Ve Sanat Yayinlari

*Esin, U. 2007. Aşıklı Höyük. In C. Lichter (ed.) Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die ältesten Monumente der Meschheit. Herausgegeben vom Badischen Landesmuseum Karslruhe: p. 114. Karlsruhe: Badisches Landesmuseum.

Evershed, R.P., S. Payne, A.G. Sherratt, M.S. Copley, J. Coolidge, D. Urem-Kotsu, K. Kotsakis, M. Özdoğan, A.E. Özdoğan, O. Nieuwenhuyse, P.M.M.G. Akkermans, D. Bailey, R.- R. Andeescu, S. Campbell, S. Farid, I. Hodder, N. Yalman, M. Özbaşaran, E. Bıçakcı, Y. Garfinkel, T. Levy and M.M. Burton, 2008. Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding. Nature 455(25): 528-531.

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