HS2357: Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Britain

School Archaeology
Department Code SHARE
Module Code HS2357
External Subject Code 100384
Number of Credits 20
Level L6
Language of Delivery English
Module Leader Professor Alasdair Whittle
Semester Double Semester
Academic Year 2014/5

Outline Description of Module

 This double module examines the evidence for the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age period in Britain and Ireland. It begins with the start of the Neolithic, reviewing the competing hypotheses of colonisation and indigenous transformation, but exploring the possibility of fusion and regional variation. The case for rapid changes is set out, but I also propose that the process of becoming Neolithic was in many senses long and drawn-out; the importance of chronology and good understanding of sequence will therefore be emphasised throughout. The evidence for radical changes in the subsistence economy (from hunting and gathering to a farming economy) is complicated; a range of differing subsistence strategies may have been in place which changed through both space and time. This would also have had an impact on the ways in which people settled and moved through the landscape. The module will also examine the role of material culture, suggesting that stone axes and pots played a crucial role in the formation of Neolithic identities. A significant part of the module will consider the role of monuments in the Neolithic world, examining the varied meanings and significance which their construction and use may have had through the Neolithic generations. A series of case studies from Wessex to Ireland and northern Scotland will relate all these issues to specific times and places; and attention will be paid to questions of social relations and formations. Finally, we will examine the evidence for the Early Bronze Age (including the Beaker period), suggesting that there were considerable elements of continuity from the late Neolithic. In turn, developments in the Early Bronze Age set the scene for subsequent developments in the middle and later Bronze Age. The European background is covered in HS2311. The transition, from the end of the Early Bronze Age, to a rather different world, is covered more fully in HS2305. The module draws on various kinds of theory, the context of which is discussed at length in HS2350 as well as in the first year module Great Discoveries

On completion of the module a student should be able to

Knowledge and Understanding:

  • A basic chronological and cultural understanding of the period.
  • The ability to review selected themes and developments, drawing on selected sites, projects and regional studies.
  • An understanding of current debates in this subject area.
  • The ability to develop arguments about the nature of the period as a whole.
  • The ability to relate the developments of the Neolithic and early Bronze Age to the wider frame of British and European prehistory.

Intellectual Skills:

  • Evaluate different theoretical approaches to the periods in question
  • Synthesise evidence and themes from the different periods across Britain and Ireland

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

  • Understand the range of different societies in Neolithic Britain and Ireland
  • Have a good broad knowledge of the Neolithic and early Bronze Age (with a particular emphasis on the British data)
  • Know a range of examples of sites dating to the Neolithic and early Bronze Age

Transferable Skills:

  • Write effectively about research issues and problems
  • Talk effectively about research issues and problems
  • Organise research into research questions

How the module will be delivered

The principal teaching method will be lectures, with slides/overheads. Lectures will go over all the key themes of the course, and present case studies. Key issues will be discussed in more detail in seminars, where students will be asked to give oral presentations on literature they have read.

Skills that will be practised and developed

Intellectual Skills:

  • Evaluate different theoretical approaches to the periods in question
  • Synthesise evidence and themes from the different periods across Britain and Ireland

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

  • Understand the range of different societies in Neolithic Britain and Ireland
  • Have a good broad knowledge of the Neolithic and early Bronze Age (with a particular emphasis on the British data)
  • Know a range of examples of sites dating to the Neolithic and early Bronze Age

Transferable Skills:

  • Write effectively about research issues and problems
  • Talk effectively about research issues and problems
  • Organise research into research questions

How the module will be assessed

This module will be assessed through 1 piece of written coursework and 1 exam.  Details to be confirmed

Assessment Breakdown

Type % Title Duration(hrs)
Written Assessment 50 Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Britain N/A
Exam - Spring Semester 50 Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Britain 2

Syllabus content

1. Introduction and Mesolithic background

2. Mesolithic background and the nature of hunter-gatherers

3. The Mesolithic/Neolithic transition and the Neolithic ‘package’

4. What did people eat? The role of meat in Neolithic diets

5. The environment. Clearances and cereals

6. Settlements, houses and mobility

7. Material culture 1: pottery

8. Material culture 2: stone tools, axes and flint mines

9. Monuments 1: wooden mortuary structures and the role of the dead

10. Monuments 2: chambered tombs 1

  1. 11. Monuments 3: chambered tombs 2

12. Monuments 4: causewayed enclosures

13. Monuments 5: cursuses, henges and stone circles

14. Monuments 6: Neolithic landscapes, phenomenology and experience

15. The natural world: natural places and human-animal relations

16. Orkney and Ireland: a case study

17. Avebury region case study

18. Stonehenge case study

19. Early Bronze Age: introduction

20. Early Bronze Age: burial practices

21. Early Bronze Age: elements of continuity, elements of change

22. Summing up

Essential Reading and Resource List

There is no single book which covers all aspects of Neolithic Britain and Ireland. However, there are a number of good starting points. I have a chapter in the 2009 second edition of Hunter and Ralston’s Archaeology of Britain. Prehistoric Britain, edited by Joshua Pollard, has good coverage of the Neolithic. I would also recommend Julian Thomas’s Understanding the Neolithic, John Barrett’s Fragments from antiquity, Gabriel Cooney’s Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland, Mark Edmonds’s Ancestral geographies of the Neolithic, Tim Darvill’s Prehistoric Britain, and Richard Bradley’s Altering the earth, The significance of monuments, and Prehistory of Britain and Ireland (though the latter is quite compressed). There are lots of other good books on the Neolithic, including collections of papers edited by Edmonds and Richards, Understanding the Neolithic of north-western Europe, and by Anna Ritchie, Neolithic Orkney in its European context; see also Allen et al (eds), Is there a British Chalcolithic? and Jones et al Image, memory and monumentality. Mike Parker Pearson’s new Stonehengeis an essential interim on the recent project, with lots of thoughts on the Neolithic as a whole. Use my Europein the Neolithic and The archaeology of people and Ian Hodder’s The domestication of Europe as the starting place for background reading on the European Neolithic. Mike Parker Pearson’s Bronze Age Britain is also to be recommended, as much for coverage of the Neolithic as of the Bronze Age (see also his new chapter in Hunter and Ralston)! Gordon Noble’s Neolithic Scotland and Stephen Burrows’ The tomb builders are good starting points for Scotland and Wales.

In order to do research on this course you will have to get used to sifting through a lot of sources for both information and interpretations. Journals are often good places to look for new ideas on Neolithic material. In particular try The  Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society and Antiquity, but there are also lots of other journals that have Neolithic papers in them.

Background Reading and Resource List

Allen, M 2005. Beaker settlement and environment on the chalk downs of southern England. PPS 71, 219-45.

Allen, M et al (eds) 2012. Is there a British Chalcolithic? People, place and polity in the late third millennium.

Allen, M, Leivers, M and Ellis, C 2008. Neolithic causewayed enclosures and later prehistoric farming: duality, imposition and the role of predecessors at Kingsborough, Isle of Sheppey, Kent, UK. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 74, 235–322.

Allen, T, Barclay, A and Lamdin-Whymark, H 2004. Opening the wood, making the land: the study of a Neolithic landscape in the Dorney area of the Middle Thames Valley. In J Cotton and D Field (eds), Towards a New Stone Age: aspects of the Neolithic in south-east England, 82-98.

Anderson-Whymark, H and Thomas, J (eds) 2012. Regional perspectives on Neolithic pit deposition: beyond the mundane.

Annable, R 1987. The later prehistory of Northern England : Cumbria, Northumberland and Durham from the Neolithic to the late Bronze Age.

Apsimon, A 1954. Dagger graves in the Wessex Bronze Age. Bull Inst Arch London 10, 37-54.

Apsimon, A 1969. An Early Neolithic house in Co. Tyrone. JRSAI 97, 165-168.

Apsimon, A 1976. Ballynagilly and the beginning and end of the Irish Neolithic. In S de Laet (ed), Acculturation and continuity in Atlantic Europe, 15-30.

Apsimon, A 1985. Chronological contexts for Irish megalithic monuments. J Irish Arch 3, 5-15.

Armit, I 1992. The Hebridean Neolithic. In N. Sharples and A. Sheridan (eds), Vessels for the ancestors, 307-21.

Armit, I and Finlayson, B 1992. Hunter-gatherers transformed: the transition to agriculture in northern and western Europe. Antiquity 66, 664-76.

Armit, I and Finlayson, B 1996. The transition to agriculture 1: Introduction. In T Pollard and A Morrison (eds), The early prehistory of Scotland, 269-71.

Armit, I, Murphy, E, Nelis, E and Simpson, D (eds) 2003. Neolithic settlement in Ireland and western Britain.

Ashbee, P 1960. The Bronze Age round barrow in Britain.

Ashbee, P 1966. Fussell’s Lodge long barrow excavations, 1957. Archaeologia 100, 1-80.

Ashbee, P 1970. The earthen long barrow in Britain.

Ashbee, P 1978. Amesbury Barrow 51: excavation 1960. Wiltshire Archaeological Mag 70/71, 1-60.

Ashbee, P 1981. Amesbury barrow 39: excavations 1960. WAM 74/5, 3-34.

Ashbee, P, Smith, I and Evans, J 1979. Excavation of three long barrows near Avebury, Wiltshire. PPS 45, 207-300.

Ashmore, P 1996. Neolithic and Bronze Age Scotland.

Ashwin, T 1996. Neolithic and Bronze Age Norfolk. PPS 62, 41-62.

Atkinson, R 1955. The Dorset cursus. Antiquity 29, 4-9.

Atkinson, R, Piggott, C and Sandars, N 1951. Excavations at Dorchester, Oxon.

Bailey, D, Whittle, A and Cummings, V (eds) 2005. (un)settling the Neolithic.

Baillie, M 1995. A slice through time: dendrochronology and precision dating.

Baker, L, Sheridan, A and Cowie, T 2003. An Early Bronze Age “dagger grave” from Rameldry Farm, near Kingskettle, Fife. PSAS 133, 85-123.

Barber, M 2003. Bronze and the Bronze Age.

Barber, M, Field, D and Topping, P 1999. The Neolithic flint mines of England

Barclay, A, Bradley, R, Hey, G and Lambrick, G 1996. The earlier prehistory of the Oxford region in the light of recent research. Oxoniensia 61, 1-20.

Barclay, A and Halpin, C 1998. Excavations at Barrow Hills, Radley, Oxfordshire. Volume 1: the Neolithic and Bronze Age monument complex.

Barclay, A and Harding, J 1999. Pathways and ceremonies: the cursus monuments of Britain and Ireland.

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Barclay, G 2001. ‘Metropolitan’ and ‘parochial/core’ and ‘periphery’: a historiography of the Neolithic in Scotland. PPS 67, 1-18.

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Barnatt, J 1989. Stone circles of Britain.

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Barrett, J 1994. Fragments from antiquity

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