This module covers the archaeological evidence for the development of Anglo-Saxon England AD 650-1050. This is one of the crucial periods in the development of England with the emergence of a few large kingdoms and then England's eventual unification. Major social and economic transformations in rural settlements, towns, and artefacts help to delineate the scale of these changes.

The Mid and Late Saxon centuries are a crucial formative period in the history of England.  At the beginning Anglo-Saxon kingdoms come to control most of modern England though the formation of discrete kingdoms of some size may have been fairly recent.  By the end of the period one English kingdom has been formed out of the crucible of Viking conquest and English (Wessex) reconquest.  Major changes in settlement and economy are indicated in the emergence of major trading sites and then permanent towns.  Industrial ceramics and coinage suggest the development of a more technically and economically sophisticated society.  Nucleated villages and elite residences foreshadow much that is seen as typical of medieval England.  This course will look at the archaeological evidence for Mid and Late Saxon ceramics, coinage, towns, settlements, churches and art.

REQUISITES: Pre-requisite Module: HS2104.

• knowledge of the nature of the archaeological record for Mid and Late Anglo-Saxon England.
• that they understand the difficulties in integrating archaeological, historical and linguistic  evidence.
• that they understand the evidence for the burial record, rural settlement, towns, artefacts and the landscape of Mid and Late Anglo-Saxon England.
• that they understand current debates about Mid and Late Anglo-Saxon England.

The course will be delivered through 10 weekly lectures (10.00 a.m., Tuesdays) and weekly seminars, of which all students will be encouraged to attend at least five. The lectures will systematically present and explain the topics covered in the course, with particular attention to the evidence and methods used to interpret. Seminars will vary in focus, from directed reading to discussion of specific sites, finds or works of art through plans or photographs, to essay planning and preparation.

Intellectual Skills:

• the ability to evaluate evidence of varying quality and source
• the ability to correlate information from lectures, seminars and independent reading
• the ability to present their knowledge in a coherent manner in essay and exam conditions

 Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

The ability to demonstrate an understanding of archaeological evidence and its limitations

Transferable Skills:

• the ability to write cogently and critically in an assessed essay and under examination conditions.
• the ability to understand complex arguments and evaluate the evidence in support of them.
• to work independently and produce work to deadlines.

One 1.5 hour exam to take place during the Spring Examinations. The assessment is 100% contribution of the module.

The opportunity for reassessment in this module - Students who fail or are unable to sit the examination in the January exam will be eligible to be assessed by means of 2,000-word coursework essay on a topic chosen from a list of questions and to be submitted for summer re-sit coursework in Archaeology in the summer recess

1.         The archaeological study of Middle and Later Anglo-Saxon England.

2.         The Church in Anglo-Saxon England, 8th–11th centuries.

3.         Ecclesiastical and secular art.

4.         The multiplication of towns.

5.         Monetization and the economy.

READING WEEK

6.         Social change: the growth of lordship.

7.         The archaeology of government and power in the 8th–11th centuries.

8.         Rural settlement: nucleation and specialization in the 8th–11th centuries.

9.         The impact of the Viking raids and settlements.

10.       The archaeology of warfare and defence in Middle and Later Anglo-Saxon England.

W. Davies (ed.), From the Vikings to the Normans (Oxford, 2003).

H. Hamerow, D. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011).

H. Hamerow, Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 2012).

N. J. Higham and M. F. Ryan, The Anglo-Saxon World (New Haven and London, 2013).

D. A. Hinton, Archaeology, Economy and Society: England from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century (London, 1990) esp. 1–41.

D. A. Hinton, Gold & Gilt, Pots & Pins: Possessions and People in Medieval Britain (Oxford, 2005), esp. 1–107

A. Reynolds, Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life & Landscape (Stroud, 1999).

J. D. Richards, Viking Age England, rev. ed. (Stroud, 2000).

Background Reading and Resource List

PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS IS A SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND IT IS RECOMMENDED IT BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE READING LIST FOR HS2307 EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND.

General

W. Davies (ed.), From the Vikings to the Normans (Oxford, 2003).

H. Hamerow, D. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011).

N. J. Higham and M. F. Ryan, The Anglo-Saxon World (New Haven and London, 2013).

D. Pelteret, (ed.), Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings (Garland: New York, 2000).

A. Reynolds, Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life & Landscape (Stroud, 1999).

J. D. Richards, Viking Age England, rev. ed. (Stroud, 2000).

D. M. Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England (Cambridge, 1976).

The Church

K.A. Adams, ‘Monastery and village at Crayke, North Yorkshire’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 62 (1990): 29-50

J. Blair, The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society (Oxford, 2005).

J. Blair, ‘Minster churches in the landscape’, in D. Hooke (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Settlements, Basil Blackwell (Oxford, 1988): 35-58

J. Blair, ‘Anglo-Saxon minsters: a topographical review’, in J. Blair and R. Sharpe (eds.), Pastoral Care Before the Parish, (Leicester U. P., Leicester, London and New York, 1992): 226-266

J. Blair and R. Sharpe (eds.), Pastoral Care Before the Parish, (Leicester U. P., 1992)

N. Brooks, The Early History of the Church of Canterbury (Leicester U. P., 1984).

L.A.S. Butler and R. Morris, The Anglo-Saxon Church, CBA Research Report 60 (1986)

B. Cherry, ‘Ecclesiastical architecture’. D. M. Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, 151–200.

E. Coatsworth, ‘The material culture of the Anglo-Saxon church’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 779–96.

R. J. Cramp, ‘Monastic sites’. D. M. Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, 201–52.

R. J. Cramp, ‘A reconsideration of the monastic site at Whitby’. In R. M. Spearman and J. Higgitt (eds.), The Age of Migrating Ideas (Edinburgh, 1993), 64–73.

R. J. Cramp, Wearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites, 2 vols. (English Heritage, Swindon, 2005).

R. Daniels, Anglo-Saxon Hartlepool and the Foundations of English Christianity: An Archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon Monastery (Hartlepool, 2007).

R. Gem, ‘How much can Anglo-Saxon buildings tell us about liturgy?’. In H. Gittos and M. Bradford Bedingfield (eds.), The Liturgy of the Late Anglo-Saxon Church (Henry Bradshaw Soc., London, 2005), 271–89.

H. Gittos, ‘Creating the sacred: Anglo-Saxon rites for consecrating cemeteries’, in S. Lucy and A. Reynolds (eds.), Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales, (Society for Medieval Archaeology, London, 2002): 195-208

H. Gittos, ‘Christian sacred spaces and places’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 824–42.

P. Hill, Whithorn & St Ninian: The Excavation of a Monastic Town 1984–91 (Stroud, 1997).

R. Morris, The Church in British Archaeology, CBA Research Report 47 (1983)

T. Pestell, Landscapes of Monastic Foundation: The Establishment of Religious Houses in East Anglia, c.650–1200 (Woodbridge, 2004).

P. Rahtz and L. Watts, St Mary’s Church, Deerhurst, Gloucestershire: Fieldwork, Excavations and Structural Analysis 1971–1984 (Boydell, Woodbridge, 1997).

P. Spoerry, P. et al., ‘Ramsey Abbey, Cambridgeshire: excavations at the site of a fenland monastery’, Medieval Archaeol., 52 (2008), 171–210.

Cemetery archaeology

M. Adams, ‘Excavation of a pre-Conquest cemetery at Addingham, West Yorkshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 40 (1996): 151-191

J. Buckberry and A. Cherryson (eds.), Burial in Later Anglo-Saxon England, c. 650–1100 AD (Oxbow, 2010).

D. Hadley, ‘Burial practices in northern England in the later Anglo-Saxon Period’. In S. Lucy & A. Reynolds (eds.), Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales (Soc. for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 17, 2002), 209–28.

D. Hadley and J. Buckberry, ‘Caring for the dead in Late Anglo-Saxon England’. In F. Tinti (ed.), Pastoral Care in Late Anglo-Saxon England (Boydell, Woodbridge, 2005), 121–47.

D. Hadley, ‘Late Saxon burial practice’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 288–311.

C. Lee, Feasting the Dead: Food and Drink in Anglo-Saxon Burial Rituals. Boydell: Woodbridge, 2007.

V. Thompson, ‘Constructing salvation: a homiletic and penitential context for late Anglo-Saxon burial practice’, in S. Lucy and A. Reynolds (eds.), Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales (Society for Medieval Archaeology, London, 2002): 229-240

V. Thompson, Dying and Death in Later Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2004).

Art

J. Backhouse et al. (eds.), The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art 966–1066 (London, 1984).

R. N. Bailey, England’s Earliest Sculptors (Toronto, 1996).

R. J. Cramp (gen. ed.), The British Academy Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, 9 vols. so far (Oxford, 1984–).

R. Gameson, ‘The archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon book’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 797–823.

A. Gannon, The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage (Oxford, 2003).

C. E. Karkov, The Ruler Portraits of Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2004).

P. Sidebottom, 2000. ‘Viking Age stone monuments and social identity in Derbyshire’, in D.M. Hadley and J.D. Richards (eds.), Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, Brepols (Turnhout), 213-235

D. Stocker, 2000. ‘Monuments and merchants: irregularities in the distribution of stone sculpture in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire in the tenth century’, in D.M. Hadley and J.D. Richards (eds.), Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, Brepols (Turnhout), 179-212

L. Webster and J. Backhouse (eds.), The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900 (London, 1991).

L. Webster, Anglo-Saxon Art (London, 2012).

D. M. Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest (London, 1984)

Urban settlement and economy

General

M. Anderton, Anglo-Saxon Trading Centres: Beyond the Emporia, Cruithne Press (Glasgow, 1999)

G. Astill, ‘Archaeology, economics and early medieval Europe’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4ii, (1985) 215–31.

G. Astill, ‘Towns and town hierarchies in Saxon England’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10i, (1991) 95–117.

G. Astill, ‘Trade, exchange, and urbanization’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 503–14.

M. Biddle, ‘The towns’. In D. M. Wilson (ed.),  The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1976), 99–150.

H. Clarke and B. Ambrosiani, Towns in the Viking Age (London, 1995), 5–45.

R. A. Hall, ‘Burhs and boroughs: defended places, trade, and towns. Plans, defences, civic features’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 600–21.

J. Haslam, Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England, (Phillimore, Chichester, 1984)

David Hill and Robert Cowie (eds.), Wics: The Early Mediaeval Trading Centres of Northern Europe (Sheffield, 2001).

R. Hodges, Dark Age Economics, the Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600–1000 (London, 1982)

T. Pestell, ‘Markets, emporia, wics, and ‘productive’ sites: pre-Viking trade centres in Anglo-Saxon England’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 556–79.

C. J. Scull, ‘Urban centres in pre-Viking England?’. In J. Hines (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective (Woodbridge, 1997), 269–310.

Site-specific

Jeremy Haslam, ‘The development of Late-Saxon Christchurch, Dorset, and the Burghal Hidage’, Medieval Archaeol. 53 (2009), 95–118.

K. Wade, ‘The urbanisation of East Anglia: the Ipswich perspective’. In J. Gardiner (ed.), Flatlands and Wetlands: Current Themes in East Anglian Archaeology (East Anglian Archaeology Report 50, Scole, 1993), 142–51.

M. J. Jones et al., The City by the Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln (Oxford, 2003).

A. Vince, Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation (London, 1990).

L. Blackmore, ‘The origins and growth of Lundenwic, a mart of many nations’. In B. Hårdh and L. Larsson (eds), Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods (Lund, 2002), 273–301.

G. Malcolm et al., Middle Saxon London: Excavations at the Royal Opera House 1989–99 (London, 2003).

R. Cowie, ‘The evidence for royal sites in Middle Saxon London’, Medieval Archaeology 48 (2004), 201–9.

J. Leary, Tatberht’s Lundenwic: Archaeological Investigations in Middle Saxon London (London, 2004).

A. D. Morton (ed), Excavations at Hamwic. Vol. I: Excavations 1946–83, excluding Six Dials and Melbourne Street. CBA Res. Rep., 84 (York, 1992).

P. E. Holdsworth, ‘Saxon Southampton: a new review’. Medieval Archaeology 20 (1976), 26-61.

P. E. Holdsworth, Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971–76. CBA Res. Rep., 33 (London, 1980).

P. Andrews (ed), Excavations at Hamwic. Vol. 2: Excavations at Six Dials. CBA Res. Rep., 109 (York, 1997).

V. Birbeck et al., The Origins of Mid-Saxon Southampton: Excavations at the Friends Provident St Mary’s Stadium 1998–2000 (Salisbury, 2005).

C. Mahany, and D. Roffe, ‘Stamford: the development of an Anglo-Scandinavian borough’. In  Pelteret, D. A. E. (ed.), Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings (New York, 2000), 387–417.

Martin Carver, The Birth of a Borough: An Archaeological Study of Anglo-Saxon Stafford (Woodbridge, 2010).

Christie, N. and Creighton, O. et al., Transforming Townscapes, From burh to Borough: The Archaeology of Wallingford, AD 800–1400, Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 35 (Leeds, 2013).

Biddle, M. ‘Felix urbs Wintoniae: Winchester in the age of monastic reform’. In  Pelteret, D. A. E. (ed.), Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings (Garland: New York, 2000), 289–316.

Yorke, B. A. E. ‘The Bishops of Winchester, the Kings of Wessex, and the development of Winchester in the ninth and early tenth centuries’. In  Pelteret, D. A. E. (ed.), Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings (Garland: New York, 2000), 107–20.

R. Kemp, Anglian Settlement at 46–54 Fishergate (The Archaeology of York 7i, York, 1996).

T. P. O’Connor, ‘8th-11th century economy and environment in York’, in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and Economy in Anglo-Saxon England, CBA Research Report, 89 (1994): 136-147 (available on-line as an e-book)

Cecily A. Spall and Nicola J. Toop, ‘Before Eoforwic: new light on York in the 6th–7th centuries’. Medieval Archaeology 52 (2008), 1–25.

Production, Trade and Coinage

T. Abramson (ed.), Studies in Early Medieval Coinage, 1: Two Decades of Discovery (Woodbridge, 2008).

T. Abramson (ed.), Studies in Early Medieval Coinage, 2: New Perspectives (Woodbridge, 2008).

T. Abramson (ed.), Studies in Early Medieval Coinage, 3: Sifting the Evidence (London, 2014).

P. V. Addyman and J. B. Whitwell, ‘Some Middle Saxon pottery types in Lincolnshire’. The Antiquaries Journal, 50 (1970), 96–102.

M. Blackburn and D. N. Dumville (eds.), Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century (Woodbridge, 1998).

M. Blackburn, ‘Coinage in its archaeological context’, H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 580–99.

M. Dolley, ‘The coins’. D. M. Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, 349–72.

G.C. Dunning et al, ‘Anglo-Saxon pottery: a symposium’, Medieval Archaeology, 3, 1-78

C. Dyer, Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850–1520 (New Haven CT, 2002), esp. 1–70.

D. Griffiths, ‘Exchange, trade, and urbanization’. In W. Davies (ed.), From the Vikings to the Normans (Oxford, 2003), 73–104.

A. Gannon, The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage (Oxford, 2003).

P. Grierson, and M. Blackburn, Medieval European Coinage, Vol. 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th centuries) (Cambridge, 1986)

D. Griffiths, R. A. Philpott and G. Egan, Meols: The Archaeology of the North Wirral Coast (Oxford, 2007).

D. A. Hinton, Gold & Gilt, Pots & Pins: Possessions and People in Medieval Britain (Oxford, 2005).

J. G. Hurst, ‘The pottery’. D. M. Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, 283–348.

K. Leahy, Anglo-Saxon Crafts (Stroud, 2003).

D. M. Metcalf, ‘The monetary economy of ninth-century England south of the Humber: a topographical analysis’. In M. Blackburn and D. N. Dumville (eds.), Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century (Woodbridge, 1998), 167–97.

R. Naismith, Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England: The Southern English Kingdoms 757–865 (Cambridge, 2012).

J. Naylor, ‘The circulation of Early-medieval European coinage: a case study from Yorkshire, c. 650–c. 867’, Medieval Archaeology 51 (2007), 41–61.

G. Owen-Crocker, Dress in Anglo-Saxon England, 2nd ed. (Woodbridge, 2004).

D. M. Wilson, ‘Craft and industry’. D. M. Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, 253–82.

A. Vince, ‘Ceramic Petrology and the Study of Anglo-Saxon and Later Medieval Ceramics’, Medieval Archaeology 48 (2004), 219–45

Landscape and Rural Settlement and Society

General

P. J. Fowler, Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror (Cambridge, 2002)

M. Gardiner, ‘Late Saxon settlement’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 198–217.

D. M. Hadley, The Northern Danelaw: Its Social Structure, c.800–1100 (London, 2000).

H. F. Hamerow, ‘Settlement mobility and the “Middle Saxon Shift”: rural settlements and settlement patterns in Anglo-Saxon England’. Anglo-Saxon England, 20 (1991), 1–17.

S. Oosthuizen, Tradition and Transformation in Anglo-Saxon England: Archaeology, Common Rights and Landscape (London, 2013).

S. Oosthuizen, ‘Anglo-Saxon fields’. H. Hamerow et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (Oxford, 2011), 377–401.

J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and Economy in Anglo-Saxon England (York, 1994).

T. Williamson, Shaping Medieval Landscapes: Settlement, Society, Environment (Macclesfield, 2003).

Site-specific

D. Hall, ‘The changing landscape of the Cambridgeshire silt fens’. Landscape History, 3 (1981), 37–49.

P. P. Hayes, ‘Roman to Saxon in the south Lincolnshire Fens’. Antiquity, 62 (1988), 321–6.

G. Davies, ‘Early medieval “rural centres” and West Norfolk: a growing picture of diversity, complexity and changing lifestyles’, Medieval Archaeology, 54 (2010), 89–122.

R. D. Carr et al., ‘The Middle-Saxon settlement at Staunch Meadow, Brandon’. Antiquity, 62 (1988), 371–7.

S. Losco-Bradley and G. Kinsley, Catholme: An Anglo-Saxon Settlement on the Trent Gravels in Staffordshire (Nottingham, 2002).

J. D.  Richards et al, 1999, Cottam: an Anglo-Scandinavian settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds, Archaeological Journal, 156, 1–111

R. Mortimer, R. Regan and S. Lucy, The Saxon and Medieval Settlement at West Fen Road, Ely: The Ashwell Site. East Anglian Archaeol. 110: Cambridge, 2005.

J. R. Fairbrother, Faccombe Netherton: Excavations of a Saxon and Medieval Manorial Complex, 2 vols. (British Museum, London, 1990).

K. Dobney et al., Farmers, Monks and Aristocrats: The Environmental Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Flixborough. Excavations at Flixborough 3, Oxford (2009).

D. H. Evans and C. Loveluck, Life and Economy at Early Medieval Flixborough c. AD 600–1000. Excavations at Flixborough 2, Oxford (2009).

C. P. Loveluck, ‘A high-status Anglo-Saxon settlement at Flixborough, Lincolnshire’. Antiquity 72 (1998), 146–61.

C. Loveluck and D. Atkinson, The Early Medieval Settlement Remains from Flixborough, Lincolnshire: The Occupation Sequence, c. AD 600–1000. Excavations at Flixborough, 1. Oxbow: Oxford, 2007.

C. Loveluck, Rural Settlement, Lifestyles and Social Change in the Later First Millennium AD: Anglo-Saxon Flixborough in its Wider Context. Excavations at Flixborough, 4. Oxbow: Oxford, 2007.

A. Hardy, B. M. Charles and R. J. Williams, Death and Taxes: The Archaeology of a Middle Saxon Estate Centre at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire (Oxford, 2007).

Robert Cowie and Lyn Blackmore, Early and Middle Saxon Rural Settlement in the London Region (London, 2008).

Michal Audouy and Andy Chapman, Raunds: The Origin and Growth of a Midland Village AD450–1500 (Oxford, 2009).

Andy Chapman, West Cotton, Raunds: A Study of Medieval Settlement Dynamics Ad 450–1450 (Oxford, 2010)

G. Hey, Yarnton: Saxon and Medieval Settlement and Landscape (Oxford, 2004).

Social structure and change

R. Faith, The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship (London, 1997).

D. M. Hadley, The Northern Danelaw: Its Social Structure, c.800–1100 (London, 2000).

Government and politics

M. Balter, 2005. ‘‘Deviant’ burials reveal death on the fringe in ancient societies’, Science, 28 (vol.310, no. 5748): 613 (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5748/613)

J. Buckberry and D.M. Hadley, ‘An Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery at Walkington Wold, Yorkshire’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 26 (3) (2007): 309-329

J. Campbell, ‘Some agents and agencies of the Late-Anglo-Saxon state’. In D, Pelteret (ed.), Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings (Garland: New York, 2000), 225–49.

D.M. Hadley, Death in Medieval England. An Archaeology, (Tempus, Stroud, 2001)

S.C. Hawkes and C. Wells, ‘Crime and punishment in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery’, Antiquity, (1975) 49: 118-22

G. Hayman and A. Reynolds, ‘A Saxon and Saxo-Norman Execution Cemetery at 42-54 London Road, Staines’, Archaeological Journal, 162 (1) (2005), 215-255

A. Reynolds, Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life & Landscape (Tempus, Stroud, 1999).

A. Reynolds, Anglo-Saxon Deviant Burial Customs (Oxford, 2009).

S. Semple, ‘A fear of the past: the place of the prehistoric burial mound in the ideology of middle and later Anglo-Saxon England’, World Archaeology, 30 (1998): 109-126.

T. Waldron, ‘Legalised trauma’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6 (1996), 114-118

Military and Defensive

J. Baker, ‘Warriors and watchmen: place names and Anglo-Saxon civil defence’, Medieval Archaeology, 55 (2011), 258–67.

N. Brooks, ‘The development of military obligations in eighth- and ninth-century England’. In  Pelteret, D. A. E. (ed.), Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings (Garland: New York, 2000), 55–81.

G. Owen-Crocker (ed.), King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry (Woodbridge, 2005).

P. Rainbird and D. Druce, ‘A Late Saxon date from Oldaport?’. Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society, 62 (2004), 177–80.

A. Reynolds, ‘Avebury: a Late Anglo-Saxon burh?’. Antiquity, 75 (2001), 29–30.

The Viking impact

L. Abrams & D. N. Parsons, 2004, ;Place-Names and the History of Scandinavian Settlement in England’, in J. Hines, A. Lane and M. Redknap (eds.), Land, Sea and Home  (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph, Leeds), 379–431.

Griffiths, D 2004  Settlement and acculturation in the Irish Sea region, , in J. Hines, A. Lane and M. Redknap (eds.), Land, Sea and Home  (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph, Leeds), 125–38.

J. Graham-Campbell et al. (eds.) Vikings and the Danelaw (Oxford, 2001).

J. Graham-Campbell, l987, ‘From Scandinavia to the Irish Sea: Viking Art Reviewed’, in M. Ryan (ed), Ireland and Insular Art.

D. Griffiths, 2003, ‘Exchange, trade, and urbanization’. In W. Davies (ed.), From the Vikings to the Normans (Oxford, 2003), 73–104.

D. M. Hadley, 2001, ‘In search of the Vikings: the problems and possibilities of interdisciplinary approaches’, IN J. Graham-Campbell et al. (eds.) Vikings and the Danelaw (Oxford), 13–30.

D. M. Hadley, 2002  ‘Viking and native: re-thinking identity in the Danelaw’,  Early Medieval Europe 11, 71-87.

D. M. Hadley, 2006 The Vikings in England (Manchester University Press).

D. M. Hadley & J. D. Richards (eds.), 2000, Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries (Turnhout: Brepols).

R. A. Hall (ed.) 1978 Viking Age York and the North

R. A. Hall 1984 The Viking Dig: The excavations in York (York).

R. A. Hall, 1989, ‘The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw: a review of present knowledge’, Anglo-Saxon England 18, 149–206.

R. A. Hall, 1995 Viking Age York (London: Batsford).

J. D. Richards,1991, (2nd ed, 2000) Viking Age England.

E. Roesdahl, 1981, The Vikings in England, London.